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Equine Anatomy > Learning Issues The Equine Reproductive System and Perineum > Flashcards

Learning Issues The Equine Reproductive System and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries of pelvic cavity

A

cr: pelvic inlet
cd: pelvic diaphragm muscles (levator ani and coccyges)
lateral border: body of ilium, origins of pelvic diaphragm muscles, sacrosciatic ligaments, and muscles that overlie the ligament
Dorsal: sacral and first few cd vertebrea
ventral: publis

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2
Q

pelvic inlet boundaries

A

Dorsally :promontory of the sacrum
Laterally: ilium
Ventrally: pubis

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3
Q

cd extent of peritoneal cavity

A

boundaries for peritoneal cavity same as for abdominal cavity except caudally

caudal boundaries: pararectal fossa, rectogenital pouch, vesicogenital pouch, pubovesical pouch

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4
Q

pubovesicle pouch

A

bladder -> pelvis, split by median ligament of the bladder

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5
Q

rectogenital pouch

A

space between rectum and reproductive organs (vagina or genital fold)

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6
Q

pararectal fosse

A

dorsal body wall/ pelvis? and rectum

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7
Q

vesicogenital pouch

A

lies between uterus and vagina (or genital fold) dorsally and the bladder ventrally and lateral ligaments of the bladder laterally

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8
Q

Gross structures of female reproductive tract

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva

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9
Q

ovaries

A

dorsally locales, anchored to dorsal body wall by mesovarium; horse has big ovarian bursa and ovulation fossa (ovulate 1 follicle at a time); ovary is heart shapped

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10
Q

uterine tubes

A

carry egg to uterus

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11
Q

broad ligament

A

mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

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12
Q

remnants of the gubernaculum

A

proper ligament of the ovary and round ligament of the uterus

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13
Q

ovarian bursa borders

A

mesosalpinx and mesovarium

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14
Q

proper ligament of the ovary

A

found on free edge of mesovarium running from ovary to uterine horn

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15
Q

round ligament of the uterus

A

in free edge mesometrium

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16
Q

mesovarium

A

suspends ovary

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17
Q

mesometrium

A

suspends uterus (body and horns)

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18
Q

mesosalplinx

A

suspends uterine tubes

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19
Q

Blood supply female reproductive tract

A

aorta ->

  1. Ovarian- supplies ovary, mesovarium
  2. External iliac ->
    2a. Uterine- supplies uterus, mesometrium
    2b. Deep femoral ->pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (inguinal canal, blood supply to mammary gland)
  3. Internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal (uterus blood supply, mesometrium)
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20
Q

collateral circulation of uterus

A

aorta -> external iliac -> uterine

aorta -> internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal

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21
Q

mammary gland of the mare

A

lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinus (gland sinus -> teat sinus)-> teat canals -> teat orifices

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22
Q

lactiferous sinus

A

made up of glands sinus (found within mammary gland itself) and teat sinus (found within teat)

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23
Q

teat canals other name

A

papillary ducts

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24
Q

teat orifces

A

two orifices per teat

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25
Q

blood supply mammary gland

A

provided by branches of external pudendal artery

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26
Q

clinical correlates female reproductive tract

A

reproductive cycles, artificial insemination, pregnancy, ovarian tumors

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27
Q

reproductive cycles

A

follow by u/s per rectum, look at ovary for follicles or corpus leuteum, look at uterine horn and body for edema (cut orange appearance)

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28
Q

artificial insemination

A

uterus and rectum relationship; deep horn insemination goes to horn follicle ovulating to; cervix has longitudinal folds so easier to inseminate

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29
Q

pregnancy

A

uterine artery can rupture but this tends not to be fatal because its contained in broad ligament; most common in mares that have had multiple foals

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30
Q

ovarian tumors

A

granulose cell tumor (fairly common); may need flank incision to get it; if small enough can go in laparoscopically; these tumors -> hormone production -> change in behavior

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31
Q

Gross structures male reproductive tract

A

prepuce, penis, accessory sex glands, testicle

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32
Q

prepuce

A

external lamina, contains preputial orifice
internal lamina, contains preputial fold, preputial ring (space between preputial folds), and preputial cavity
fossa glandis
urethreal sinus

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33
Q

fossa glandis

A

region at end of penis that surrounds the urethera

34
Q

uretheral sinus

A

this is where beans are located; this is little sinus around uretheral exit from penis;

35
Q

preputial orifice

A

external lamina reflects upon itself and is continuous with the unaired skin of internal lamina

36
Q

preputial fold

A

deepest parts of preputial cavity internal lamina reflects upon itself giving rise to inner fold, the preputial fold

37
Q

preputial ring

A

cranially directed free opening (free edge) or preputial fold lie within prepuce = preputial ring)

38
Q

corpus cavernosum

A

vascular tissue that makes up large bulk of cross section

39
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

surrounds urethera

40
Q

corpus cavernous and corpus spongiosum relationship to muscles

A

deep to the three muscles

41
Q

muscles of the penis

A

bulbospongiosum, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis

42
Q

bulbospongiosus

A

from root w/ ischiocavernosus

43
Q

ischiocavernosus

A

from ischiadic tuberosities

44
Q

main sources of blood supply to the penis

A

external pudendal -> cr artery of the penis
obturator -> middle artery of the penis
internal pudendal -> artery of the bulb of the penis

** obturator goes through obturator foramen

45
Q

accessory sex glands

A

cr -> cd

ampulla -> vesicular glands (aka seminal vesicle) -> prostate -> bulbouretheral gland

46
Q

how to locate accessory sex glands

A

find ductus deferents which widens to ampulla then follow cr to cd

47
Q

castration

A

spermatic cord ligated, then crushed, testicle, epididymus, and portion of ductus deferent removed; can be open or closed castration

48
Q

spermatic cord

A

includes structures covered by vaginal tunic:

  1. Testicular artery
  2. Testicular vein
  3. Testicular nerve
  4. Ductus deferenes and its associated vasculature

clinicians also include the cremaster muscle although vaginal tunic does not cover it

49
Q

vaginal tunic

A

out pocketing of peritoneum; can be visceral vaginal tunic or parietal vaginal tunic

50
Q

visceral vaginal tunic

A

directly surrounds a structure; see this when open up vaginal cavity

51
Q

parietal vaginal tunic

A

that component just deep to skin and spermatic fascia; what you see when you strip the testicle

52
Q

vaginal cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics; continuous with peritoneal cavity; nothing in the vaginal caivty

53
Q

closed castration

A

parietal vaginal tunic is not opened

54
Q

mesorchium

A

suspends testicular vein artery nerve

55
Q

blood supply to testicle

A

testicular artery (direct branch off aorta)

56
Q

blood supply male reproductive tract

A

aorta->

  1. Testicular artery (testicle blood supply, component of spermatic cord, mesorcium)
  2. External iliac -> deep femoral -> pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (runs through inguinal canal, blood supply to penis and scrotum)
  3. Internal iliac
    3a. Umbilical -> artery of the ductus deferent (mesoductus deferent)
    3b. Internal pudendal (blood supply to the penis, prostatic artery)
    3c. Cr gluteal -> obturator (blood supply to penis)
    3d. Cd gluteal
57
Q

testicular artery

A

recoils in geldings, is very close to cd mesenteric artery may branch off at nearly identical location; testicle blood supply; component of spermatic cord

58
Q

clinal correlates male repro tract

A

routine castration, cryptorchid castrations, tumors of penis and prepuce

59
Q

routine castration

A

can be open or closed depending on preference; open can be done standing; may use Henderson technique which is closed but may be doable open

60
Q

cryptorchid castration

A

can do intraabdominal approach or inguinal approach; external pudendal artery and vein there, follow gubernaculum up and exteriorize testicle; may or may not need to go in laparoscopically; can run baseline testosterone, estrone sulfate, or HcG response test if worried horse is a crypt

61
Q

tumors of penis and prepuce

A

sarcoids- vascular, ugly, get angry if you biopsy them
melanomas- grey horses are prone to these
squamous cell carcinoma- aka scc

62
Q

blood supply of the prepuce

A

external pudendal -> cranial artery of the penis

63
Q

cr artery of the penis

A

branch off of external pudendal; suplies glans, prepuce, and cr part of corpus cavernosum

64
Q

artery of the bulb of the penis

A

branch off of the internal pudendal; enters the corpus spongiosum

65
Q

deep/ middle? artery of the penis

A

branch off of the obturator; enters the crus and thus the corpus cavernous with several branches; inconsistent proximal connection around the ischial arch to the internal pudendal artery and a constant distal one to link up with the cr artery of the penis

66
Q

sacrosciatic ligament

A

much more extensive than sacferotuberous ligament found in dogs; this is extensive with attachment on the ilium, sacrum, and caudal vertebrea as well as ischium; helps support weight of the animal; in close association with sacral plexsus

67
Q

nerves of lateral aspect sacrosciatic ligament

A

largest nerve= sciatic nerve, emerges from greater sciatica foramen
cr and cd gluteal nerves
cd cutaneous femoral nerve

68
Q

nerves on medial aspect fo sacrosciatic ligament

A

pudendal, pelvic, and caudal rectal nerves

69
Q

cr and cd gluteal nerves

A

innervate gluteals; appear to branch from sciatic but are different nerves entirely

70
Q

clinical correlate of sacrosciatic ligament and sacral plexus

A

epidural anestesia for dystotia, perineum, rectal sxs; epidural space btwn cd vertebrea

71
Q

lymph nodes of equine reproductive system and peritoneum

A

lateral iliac, medial iliac, lumbar, superficial inguinal, deep inguinal

72
Q

lateral iliac lymph nodes location

A

bifurcation deep circumflex iliac artery

73
Q

lateral iliac lymph nodes drain

A

flank, lateral surface of thigh

74
Q

medial iliac lymph nodes location

A

termination of the aorta

75
Q

medial iliac lymph nodes drain

A

pelvis, pelvic viscera, testicle

76
Q

lumbar lymph nodes location

A

cr; scattered along course of the aorta and the cd vena cava; their efferents pass cr into thoracic duct

77
Q

lumbar lymph nodes darin

A

testicle, ovary, abd. body wall, nearby viscera

78
Q

superficial inguinal lymph node location male

A

d-lat to penis

79
Q

superficial inguinal lymph node location female

A

d to mammary gland

80
Q

superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain

A

penis, prepuce, scrotum, mammary gland

81
Q

deep inguinal lymph nodes location

A

femoral triangle (medial surface of the limb)

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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