Learning Issues The Equine Reproductive System and Perineum Flashcards
boundaries of pelvic cavity
cr: pelvic inlet
cd: pelvic diaphragm muscles (levator ani and coccyges)
lateral border: body of ilium, origins of pelvic diaphragm muscles, sacrosciatic ligaments, and muscles that overlie the ligament
Dorsal: sacral and first few cd vertebrea
ventral: publis
pelvic inlet boundaries
Dorsally :promontory of the sacrum
Laterally: ilium
Ventrally: pubis
cd extent of peritoneal cavity
boundaries for peritoneal cavity same as for abdominal cavity except caudally
caudal boundaries: pararectal fossa, rectogenital pouch, vesicogenital pouch, pubovesical pouch
pubovesicle pouch
bladder -> pelvis, split by median ligament of the bladder
rectogenital pouch
space between rectum and reproductive organs (vagina or genital fold)
pararectal fosse
dorsal body wall/ pelvis? and rectum
vesicogenital pouch
lies between uterus and vagina (or genital fold) dorsally and the bladder ventrally and lateral ligaments of the bladder laterally
Gross structures of female reproductive tract
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva
ovaries
dorsally locales, anchored to dorsal body wall by mesovarium; horse has big ovarian bursa and ovulation fossa (ovulate 1 follicle at a time); ovary is heart shapped
uterine tubes
carry egg to uterus
broad ligament
mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium
remnants of the gubernaculum
proper ligament of the ovary and round ligament of the uterus
ovarian bursa borders
mesosalpinx and mesovarium
proper ligament of the ovary
found on free edge of mesovarium running from ovary to uterine horn
round ligament of the uterus
in free edge mesometrium
mesovarium
suspends ovary
mesometrium
suspends uterus (body and horns)
mesosalplinx
suspends uterine tubes
Blood supply female reproductive tract
aorta ->
- Ovarian- supplies ovary, mesovarium
- External iliac ->
2a. Uterine- supplies uterus, mesometrium
2b. Deep femoral ->pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (inguinal canal, blood supply to mammary gland) - Internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal (uterus blood supply, mesometrium)
collateral circulation of uterus
aorta -> external iliac -> uterine
aorta -> internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal
mammary gland of the mare
lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinus (gland sinus -> teat sinus)-> teat canals -> teat orifices
lactiferous sinus
made up of glands sinus (found within mammary gland itself) and teat sinus (found within teat)
teat canals other name
papillary ducts
teat orifces
two orifices per teat
blood supply mammary gland
provided by branches of external pudendal artery
clinical correlates female reproductive tract
reproductive cycles, artificial insemination, pregnancy, ovarian tumors
reproductive cycles
follow by u/s per rectum, look at ovary for follicles or corpus leuteum, look at uterine horn and body for edema (cut orange appearance)
artificial insemination
uterus and rectum relationship; deep horn insemination goes to horn follicle ovulating to; cervix has longitudinal folds so easier to inseminate
pregnancy
uterine artery can rupture but this tends not to be fatal because its contained in broad ligament; most common in mares that have had multiple foals
ovarian tumors
granulose cell tumor (fairly common); may need flank incision to get it; if small enough can go in laparoscopically; these tumors -> hormone production -> change in behavior
Gross structures male reproductive tract
prepuce, penis, accessory sex glands, testicle
prepuce
external lamina, contains preputial orifice
internal lamina, contains preputial fold, preputial ring (space between preputial folds), and preputial cavity
fossa glandis
urethreal sinus
fossa glandis
region at end of penis that surrounds the urethera
uretheral sinus
this is where beans are located; this is little sinus around uretheral exit from penis;
preputial orifice
external lamina reflects upon itself and is continuous with the unaired skin of internal lamina
preputial fold
deepest parts of preputial cavity internal lamina reflects upon itself giving rise to inner fold, the preputial fold
preputial ring
cranially directed free opening (free edge) or preputial fold lie within prepuce = preputial ring)
corpus cavernosum
vascular tissue that makes up large bulk of cross section
corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethera
corpus cavernous and corpus spongiosum relationship to muscles
deep to the three muscles
muscles of the penis
bulbospongiosum, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis
bulbospongiosus
from root w/ ischiocavernosus
ischiocavernosus
from ischiadic tuberosities
main sources of blood supply to the penis
external pudendal -> cr artery of the penis
obturator -> middle artery of the penis
internal pudendal -> artery of the bulb of the penis
** obturator goes through obturator foramen
accessory sex glands
cr -> cd
ampulla -> vesicular glands (aka seminal vesicle) -> prostate -> bulbouretheral gland
how to locate accessory sex glands
find ductus deferents which widens to ampulla then follow cr to cd
castration
spermatic cord ligated, then crushed, testicle, epididymus, and portion of ductus deferent removed; can be open or closed castration
spermatic cord
includes structures covered by vaginal tunic:
- Testicular artery
- Testicular vein
- Testicular nerve
- Ductus deferenes and its associated vasculature
clinicians also include the cremaster muscle although vaginal tunic does not cover it
vaginal tunic
out pocketing of peritoneum; can be visceral vaginal tunic or parietal vaginal tunic
visceral vaginal tunic
directly surrounds a structure; see this when open up vaginal cavity
parietal vaginal tunic
that component just deep to skin and spermatic fascia; what you see when you strip the testicle
vaginal cavity
space between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics; continuous with peritoneal cavity; nothing in the vaginal caivty
closed castration
parietal vaginal tunic is not opened
mesorchium
suspends testicular vein artery nerve
blood supply to testicle
testicular artery (direct branch off aorta)
blood supply male reproductive tract
aorta->
- Testicular artery (testicle blood supply, component of spermatic cord, mesorcium)
- External iliac -> deep femoral -> pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (runs through inguinal canal, blood supply to penis and scrotum)
- Internal iliac
3a. Umbilical -> artery of the ductus deferent (mesoductus deferent)
3b. Internal pudendal (blood supply to the penis, prostatic artery)
3c. Cr gluteal -> obturator (blood supply to penis)
3d. Cd gluteal
testicular artery
recoils in geldings, is very close to cd mesenteric artery may branch off at nearly identical location; testicle blood supply; component of spermatic cord
clinal correlates male repro tract
routine castration, cryptorchid castrations, tumors of penis and prepuce
routine castration
can be open or closed depending on preference; open can be done standing; may use Henderson technique which is closed but may be doable open
cryptorchid castration
can do intraabdominal approach or inguinal approach; external pudendal artery and vein there, follow gubernaculum up and exteriorize testicle; may or may not need to go in laparoscopically; can run baseline testosterone, estrone sulfate, or HcG response test if worried horse is a crypt
tumors of penis and prepuce
sarcoids- vascular, ugly, get angry if you biopsy them
melanomas- grey horses are prone to these
squamous cell carcinoma- aka scc
blood supply of the prepuce
external pudendal -> cranial artery of the penis
cr artery of the penis
branch off of external pudendal; suplies glans, prepuce, and cr part of corpus cavernosum
artery of the bulb of the penis
branch off of the internal pudendal; enters the corpus spongiosum
deep/ middle? artery of the penis
branch off of the obturator; enters the crus and thus the corpus cavernous with several branches; inconsistent proximal connection around the ischial arch to the internal pudendal artery and a constant distal one to link up with the cr artery of the penis
sacrosciatic ligament
much more extensive than sacferotuberous ligament found in dogs; this is extensive with attachment on the ilium, sacrum, and caudal vertebrea as well as ischium; helps support weight of the animal; in close association with sacral plexsus
nerves of lateral aspect sacrosciatic ligament
largest nerve= sciatic nerve, emerges from greater sciatica foramen
cr and cd gluteal nerves
cd cutaneous femoral nerve
nerves on medial aspect fo sacrosciatic ligament
pudendal, pelvic, and caudal rectal nerves
cr and cd gluteal nerves
innervate gluteals; appear to branch from sciatic but are different nerves entirely
clinical correlate of sacrosciatic ligament and sacral plexus
epidural anestesia for dystotia, perineum, rectal sxs; epidural space btwn cd vertebrea
lymph nodes of equine reproductive system and peritoneum
lateral iliac, medial iliac, lumbar, superficial inguinal, deep inguinal
lateral iliac lymph nodes location
bifurcation deep circumflex iliac artery
lateral iliac lymph nodes drain
flank, lateral surface of thigh
medial iliac lymph nodes location
termination of the aorta
medial iliac lymph nodes drain
pelvis, pelvic viscera, testicle
lumbar lymph nodes location
cr; scattered along course of the aorta and the cd vena cava; their efferents pass cr into thoracic duct
lumbar lymph nodes darin
testicle, ovary, abd. body wall, nearby viscera
superficial inguinal lymph node location male
d-lat to penis
superficial inguinal lymph node location female
d to mammary gland
superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain
penis, prepuce, scrotum, mammary gland
deep inguinal lymph nodes location
femoral triangle (medial surface of the limb)