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Equine Anatomy > Learning Issues The Equine Reproductive System and Perineum > Flashcards

Learning Issues The Equine Reproductive System and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries of pelvic cavity

A

cr: pelvic inlet
cd: pelvic diaphragm muscles (levator ani and coccyges)
lateral border: body of ilium, origins of pelvic diaphragm muscles, sacrosciatic ligaments, and muscles that overlie the ligament
Dorsal: sacral and first few cd vertebrea
ventral: publis

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2
Q

pelvic inlet boundaries

A

Dorsally :promontory of the sacrum
Laterally: ilium
Ventrally: pubis

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3
Q

cd extent of peritoneal cavity

A

boundaries for peritoneal cavity same as for abdominal cavity except caudally

caudal boundaries: pararectal fossa, rectogenital pouch, vesicogenital pouch, pubovesical pouch

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4
Q

pubovesicle pouch

A

bladder -> pelvis, split by median ligament of the bladder

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5
Q

rectogenital pouch

A

space between rectum and reproductive organs (vagina or genital fold)

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6
Q

pararectal fosse

A

dorsal body wall/ pelvis? and rectum

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7
Q

vesicogenital pouch

A

lies between uterus and vagina (or genital fold) dorsally and the bladder ventrally and lateral ligaments of the bladder laterally

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8
Q

Gross structures of female reproductive tract

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva

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9
Q

ovaries

A

dorsally locales, anchored to dorsal body wall by mesovarium; horse has big ovarian bursa and ovulation fossa (ovulate 1 follicle at a time); ovary is heart shapped

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10
Q

uterine tubes

A

carry egg to uterus

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11
Q

broad ligament

A

mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

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12
Q

remnants of the gubernaculum

A

proper ligament of the ovary and round ligament of the uterus

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13
Q

ovarian bursa borders

A

mesosalpinx and mesovarium

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14
Q

proper ligament of the ovary

A

found on free edge of mesovarium running from ovary to uterine horn

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15
Q

round ligament of the uterus

A

in free edge mesometrium

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16
Q

mesovarium

A

suspends ovary

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17
Q

mesometrium

A

suspends uterus (body and horns)

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18
Q

mesosalplinx

A

suspends uterine tubes

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19
Q

Blood supply female reproductive tract

A

aorta ->

  1. Ovarian- supplies ovary, mesovarium
  2. External iliac ->
    2a. Uterine- supplies uterus, mesometrium
    2b. Deep femoral ->pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (inguinal canal, blood supply to mammary gland)
  3. Internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal (uterus blood supply, mesometrium)
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20
Q

collateral circulation of uterus

A

aorta -> external iliac -> uterine

aorta -> internal iliac -> internal pudendal -> vaginal -> uterine branch of vaginal

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21
Q

mammary gland of the mare

A

lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinus (gland sinus -> teat sinus)-> teat canals -> teat orifices

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22
Q

lactiferous sinus

A

made up of glands sinus (found within mammary gland itself) and teat sinus (found within teat)

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23
Q

teat canals other name

A

papillary ducts

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24
Q

teat orifces

A

two orifices per teat

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25
blood supply mammary gland
provided by branches of external pudendal artery
26
clinical correlates female reproductive tract
reproductive cycles, artificial insemination, pregnancy, ovarian tumors
27
reproductive cycles
follow by u/s per rectum, look at ovary for follicles or corpus leuteum, look at uterine horn and body for edema (cut orange appearance)
28
artificial insemination
uterus and rectum relationship; deep horn insemination goes to horn follicle ovulating to; cervix has longitudinal folds so easier to inseminate
29
pregnancy
uterine artery can rupture but this tends not to be fatal because its contained in broad ligament; most common in mares that have had multiple foals
30
ovarian tumors
granulose cell tumor (fairly common); may need flank incision to get it; if small enough can go in laparoscopically; these tumors -> hormone production -> change in behavior
31
Gross structures male reproductive tract
prepuce, penis, accessory sex glands, testicle
32
prepuce
external lamina, contains preputial orifice internal lamina, contains preputial fold, preputial ring (space between preputial folds), and preputial cavity fossa glandis urethreal sinus
33
fossa glandis
region at end of penis that surrounds the urethera
34
uretheral sinus
this is where beans are located; this is little sinus around uretheral exit from penis;
35
preputial orifice
external lamina reflects upon itself and is continuous with the unaired skin of internal lamina
36
preputial fold
deepest parts of preputial cavity internal lamina reflects upon itself giving rise to inner fold, the preputial fold
37
preputial ring
cranially directed free opening (free edge) or preputial fold lie within prepuce = preputial ring)
38
corpus cavernosum
vascular tissue that makes up large bulk of cross section
39
corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethera
40
corpus cavernous and corpus spongiosum relationship to muscles
deep to the three muscles
41
muscles of the penis
bulbospongiosum, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis
42
bulbospongiosus
from root w/ ischiocavernosus
43
ischiocavernosus
from ischiadic tuberosities
44
main sources of blood supply to the penis
external pudendal -> cr artery of the penis obturator -> middle artery of the penis internal pudendal -> artery of the bulb of the penis ** obturator goes through obturator foramen
45
accessory sex glands
cr -> cd | ampulla -> vesicular glands (aka seminal vesicle) -> prostate -> bulbouretheral gland
46
how to locate accessory sex glands
find ductus deferents which widens to ampulla then follow cr to cd
47
castration
spermatic cord ligated, then crushed, testicle, epididymus, and portion of ductus deferent removed; can be open or closed castration
48
spermatic cord
includes structures covered by vaginal tunic: 1. Testicular artery 2. Testicular vein 3. Testicular nerve 4. Ductus deferenes and its associated vasculature clinicians also include the cremaster muscle although vaginal tunic does not cover it
49
vaginal tunic
out pocketing of peritoneum; can be visceral vaginal tunic or parietal vaginal tunic
50
visceral vaginal tunic
directly surrounds a structure; see this when open up vaginal cavity
51
parietal vaginal tunic
that component just deep to skin and spermatic fascia; what you see when you strip the testicle
52
vaginal cavity
space between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics; continuous with peritoneal cavity; nothing in the vaginal caivty
53
closed castration
parietal vaginal tunic is not opened
54
mesorchium
suspends testicular vein artery nerve
55
blood supply to testicle
testicular artery (direct branch off aorta)
56
blood supply male reproductive tract
aorta-> 1. Testicular artery (testicle blood supply, component of spermatic cord, mesorcium) 2. External iliac -> deep femoral -> pudendoepigastric trunk -> external pudendal (runs through inguinal canal, blood supply to penis and scrotum) 3. Internal iliac 3a. Umbilical -> artery of the ductus deferent (mesoductus deferent) 3b. Internal pudendal (blood supply to the penis, prostatic artery) 3c. Cr gluteal -> obturator (blood supply to penis) 3d. Cd gluteal
57
testicular artery
recoils in geldings, is very close to cd mesenteric artery may branch off at nearly identical location; testicle blood supply; component of spermatic cord
58
clinal correlates male repro tract
routine castration, cryptorchid castrations, tumors of penis and prepuce
59
routine castration
can be open or closed depending on preference; open can be done standing; may use Henderson technique which is closed but may be doable open
60
cryptorchid castration
can do intraabdominal approach or inguinal approach; external pudendal artery and vein there, follow gubernaculum up and exteriorize testicle; may or may not need to go in laparoscopically; can run baseline testosterone, estrone sulfate, or HcG response test if worried horse is a crypt
61
tumors of penis and prepuce
sarcoids- vascular, ugly, get angry if you biopsy them melanomas- grey horses are prone to these squamous cell carcinoma- aka scc
62
blood supply of the prepuce
external pudendal -> cranial artery of the penis
63
cr artery of the penis
branch off of external pudendal; suplies glans, prepuce, and cr part of corpus cavernosum
64
artery of the bulb of the penis
branch off of the internal pudendal; enters the corpus spongiosum
65
deep/ middle? artery of the penis
branch off of the obturator; enters the crus and thus the corpus cavernous with several branches; inconsistent proximal connection around the ischial arch to the internal pudendal artery and a constant distal one to link up with the cr artery of the penis
66
sacrosciatic ligament
much more extensive than sacferotuberous ligament found in dogs; this is extensive with attachment on the ilium, sacrum, and caudal vertebrea as well as ischium; helps support weight of the animal; in close association with sacral plexsus
67
nerves of lateral aspect sacrosciatic ligament
largest nerve= sciatic nerve, emerges from greater sciatica foramen cr and cd gluteal nerves cd cutaneous femoral nerve
68
nerves on medial aspect fo sacrosciatic ligament
pudendal, pelvic, and caudal rectal nerves
69
cr and cd gluteal nerves
innervate gluteals; appear to branch from sciatic but are different nerves entirely
70
clinical correlate of sacrosciatic ligament and sacral plexus
epidural anestesia for dystotia, perineum, rectal sxs; epidural space btwn cd vertebrea
71
lymph nodes of equine reproductive system and peritoneum
lateral iliac, medial iliac, lumbar, superficial inguinal, deep inguinal
72
lateral iliac lymph nodes location
bifurcation deep circumflex iliac artery
73
lateral iliac lymph nodes drain
flank, lateral surface of thigh
74
medial iliac lymph nodes location
termination of the aorta
75
medial iliac lymph nodes drain
pelvis, pelvic viscera, testicle
76
lumbar lymph nodes location
cr; scattered along course of the aorta and the cd vena cava; their efferents pass cr into thoracic duct
77
lumbar lymph nodes darin
testicle, ovary, abd. body wall, nearby viscera
78
superficial inguinal lymph node location male
d-lat to penis
79
superficial inguinal lymph node location female
d to mammary gland
80
superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain
penis, prepuce, scrotum, mammary gland
81
deep inguinal lymph nodes location
femoral triangle (medial surface of the limb)

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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