The Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

What is homeostasis

Answer 2

Homeostasis is the process by which a living organism maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Question 3

What are the major glands of the endocrine system

Answer 3

Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas

Question 4

Diatbetes insipidus

Answer 4

a disorder caused from insufficient levels of anti-diuretic hormones (ADH)
will cause; excessive thirst, weakness, heavy and frequent urination

Question 5

adrenal gland

Answer 5

pair of organs located on the top of kidneys, composed of two layers; outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 6

Adrenal medulla

Answer 6

secrets epinephrin and nonepinephrin hormones that regulate the flight or fight response

Question 7

antagonistic hormones

Answer 7

work against eachother
Ex: blood sugar (insulin vs glucagon

Question 8

tropic hormone

Answer 8

hormone that targets endocrine glands and stimulates them to release other hormones

Question 9

target hormones

Answer 9

act on specific organs or tissues
Ex:(TSH- targets thyroid gland, ACTH-targets the adrenal cortex)

Question 10

non-target hormones

Answer 10

Affects many cells or tissues Ex:(epinephrin and Growth hormone)

Question 11

negative feedback

Answer 11

Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which a system responds to a change by reversing or reducing its effects, helping maintain homeostasis.

Question 12

Positive feedback

Answer 12

Positive feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which a process is amplified rather than reversed.

Question 13

TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 13

stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

Question 14

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 14

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones(cortisol, aldosterone & testosterone and estrogen)

Question 15

hyposecretion

Answer 15

Hyposecretion is a condition in which an endocrine gland produces too little of a hormone

Question 16

what is hypersecretion

Answer 16

Hypersecretion is a condition in which an endocrine gland produces too much of a hormone

Question 17

prolactin(PRL)

Answer 17

causes milk production

Question 18

oxytocin(OCT)

Answer 18

causes uterine and mammary muscle contraction

Question 19

Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

Answer 19

stimulates gametogenesis

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone(LH)

Answer 20

Females: stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
Males:Testosterone production

Question 21

The thyroid gland

Answer 21

produces the hormone thyroxin , helps regulate metabolism and growth

Question 22

thyroxin

Answer 22

regulates metabolic rate by speeding up the rate of cell respiration and the utilization of glucose and oxygen (also increases uptake of carbohydrates from the small intestine)

Question 23

Parathyroid glands

Answer 23

-produces parathyroid hormones
-antagonistic to calcitonin
-raises blood calcium levels by stimulating release of Ca from bones and reabsorption of Ca in GI tract in the kidney

Question 24

calcitonin

Answer 24

hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood; stimulates the uptake of calcium into bones when the concentration of calcium in the blood too high

Question 25

ADH(antidiurect hormone)

Answer 25

(it is released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus shrink due to dehydration) -increases water reabsorption by making nephrons more permeable -prevents excess water loss

Question 26

Aldosterone

Answer 26

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates distal tubule and collecting ducts of kidney to increase the absorption of sodium indo bloodstream

Question 27

cortisol

Answer 27

type of glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal cortex in a long term stress response - triggers an increase in blood glucose levels and reduces inflammation

Question 28

Epinephrine

Answer 28

responsds to short term stress(fight or flight) -targets the muscles and liver to convert glycogen into glucose -increses blood to muscles

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

Produces oxytocin and ADH and stimulates the pituitary via releasing hormones

Question 30

TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 30

-controlled by TSH which is secreted by pituitary gland affected by levels of iodine in the body

Question 31

how does levels of iodine affect the thyroid gland

Answer 31

Hyper and hypoiodism Iodine is a critical mineral required for the prodution of T3 and T4, because the body cant produce it, it must be obtained from diet

Question 32

What is hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much T3 and T4( which are made from iodine)--- too much iodine intake

Question 33

What is hypothyroidism

Answer 33

occurs when the thyroid gland doesnt produce enough T4 and T3--- not enough iodine intake

Question 34

Graves disease

Answer 34

Hyperthyroidsm

Question 35

Cretenism and Goitre

Answer 35

Hypothyroidism

Question 36

calcitonin

Answer 36

hormone produced by thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroidd hormone that increases calcium levels

Question 37

duty of calcitonin(calcibonin)

Answer 37

-calcitonin prevents excessive calcium in the blood by inhibiting bone breakdown -Encourages osteoblasts (bone-building cells) to deposit calcium into bones.

Question 38

Parathyroid gland

Answer 38

antagonistic to calcitonin, raises blood calcium levels by stimulating release of calcium from bones and reabsorption of calcium in the gi tract and the kidneys