Molecular biology basics

Question 1

Base pairs

Answer 1

A-Adenine
C-Cytosine
T-Thyomine
G-Guanine
U-Uricel(RNA)

Question 2

Backbone of DNA

Answer 2

Sugar, Phosphate, and base

Question 3

What holds base pairs together

Answer 3

Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

Deoxyribosenucleic acid
double stranded nucleic acid that governs heredity of cells

Question 5

Codon

Answer 5

In a gene a codon is a set of 3 bases

Question 6

mRNA

Answer 6

Carries genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis equipment

Question 7

tRNA

Answer 7

transfers amino acids to correct codon site in the protein synthesis equipment

Question 8

rRNA

Answer 8

Combines with a complex of proteins to form a ribosome, the main structure of protein synthesis

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

single stranded and helps in making proteins and located within the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 10

Bases of RNA

Answer 10

A,U,G,C

Question 11

Bases of DNA

Answer 11

A,C,T,G

Question 12

Genome

Answer 12

sum of all DNA carried in the organisms cells

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

the combination of allels for any given trait

Question 14

How id DNA different from RNA

Answer 14

-RNA can leave the nucleus while DNA is online stationed in the Nucleus
-RNA has uracil instead of thymine
-single stranded

Question 15

polypeptide and why they are linked with

Answer 15

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by polypeptide bonds

Question 16

Steps of replication

Answer 16

1.Initiation
2. Elongation
3.Termination

Question 17

Helicase

Answer 17

The enzyme unzips DNA

Question 18

Single strand binding protein(SSBs)

Answer 18

Keep strands from snaping back together

Question 19

Primase

Answer 19

Short RNA tha serves as a starting point constructed by primase enzyme

Question 20

Okazaki fragments

Answer 20

short segments on the lagging strand

Question 21

DNA ligase

Answer 21

Glues the okazaki fregments together

Question 22

Leading strand

Answer 22

Strand that moves in the same direction as the replication fork, and is replicated continously

Question 23

Lagging strand

Answer 23

Strand that is replicated in short segments rather than continously

Question 24

Template

Answer 24

the single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that is used to synthesize a new DNA or RNA strand

Question 25

Two major steps of protein synthesis

Answer 25

1.Transcription 2.Translation

Question 26

What is a mutation

Answer 26

Mutations are permanant, inheritable change in the genetic material(DNA only), they cause somatic mutations(in body cells) or germ line mutations(sex cells)

Question 27

Point mutation

Answer 27

Subsitution, insertion, or deletion of one nucleotide for another

Question 28

Frameshift mutation

Answer 28

Necleotide insertion or deletions(which change the base sequence) (one removed brings everything back one, if one was added everything is pushed forward one)

Question 29

Types of point mutation

Answer 29

1.Mis-sense mutation 2.Silent mutation 3.Non-sense mutation

Question 30

Silent-mutation

Answer 30

No apparent effect on polypeptide produces

Question 31

Mis-sense mutation

Answer 31

Produces an altered or different protein(ex.sickle cell)

Question 32

Non-sense Mutation

Answer 32

Does not produce a functional polypeptide

Question 33

Cancer

Answer 33

uncontrolled cell division of unusable cells(forms tumors)

Question 34

Oncogenes

Answer 34

activated cancer causing genes, that turn on uncontrolled cell divisions. Lacking regulatory genes which produce repressor proteins(turn off genes)

Question 35

Restriction enzymes

Answer 35

catalyze the cleavage of DNA at specific necleotide sequences (fasten the cutting of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences)