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CVS > The ECG (die) > Flashcards

The ECG (die) Flashcards

0
Q

What is the P wave representative of?

A

Depolarisation spreading across the atria

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1
Q

Describe the pattern of spread of excitation across the heart

A

Starts at the SA node
Spreads over atria to the AV node
Excitation spread half way down the septum then out across the axes of the heart
Through ventricular muscle along an axis slightly left of septum towards base of ventricles
Repolarisation spreads from epicardial through the ventricular myocardium

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2
Q

Explain the shape of the P wave

A

Small because there is little muscle

Upward deflection because moving towards the electrode

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3
Q

Explain shape of the Q part

A

Small because not moving directly away from the electrode

Downwards because moving away

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4
Q

Explain R

A

Large deflection because there is lots of muscle and is moving towards the electrode
Upwards because moving towards the electrode

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5
Q

Explain S

A

Small and downwards because depolarisation is moving away from the electrode but not directly

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6
Q

Explain T

A

Upwards because moving away from electrode but repolarisation
Medium because timing in different cells is dispersed

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7
Q

What does P show?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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8
Q

What does Q show?

A

Septal depolarisation towards the ventricle

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9
Q

What does S show?

A

End ventricular depolarisation

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10
Q

What does R show?

A

Main ventricular depolarisation

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11
Q

What does T show?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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12
Q

Where do each of the electrodes go which are coloured?

A

Ride Your Green Bike

Red = right arm
Yellow = left arm
Green = left leg
Blue = right leg
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13
Q

Where do V1 and V2 go?

A 
V1 = 4th rib space on RHS
V2 = 4th rib space LHS
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14
Q

Where does V3 go?

A

Further left and inferior in 4th rib space compared to V2

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15
Q

Where does V4 go?

A

Mid clavicular line in 5th rib space

16
Q

Where does V5 go?

A

Anterior axillary line

17
Q

Where does V6 go?

A

Mid axillary line in 6th rib space

18
Q

What is a lead?

A

An electrical view of the heart

19
Q

Where are the different lead views from?

A

I - LHS
II - views heart towards apex
III - views heat from the bottom

20
Q

How many leads are there altogether? Give all the leads

A

12

I, II, III
aVR, aVL, aVF
Six chest leads V1-V6

21
Q

How many squares are there per minute?

A

300

22
Q

What indicates atrial fibrillation?

A

No P wave

23
Q

What does the PR interval show?

A

The time taken for the impulse to reach the ventricles

24
Q

How long should the PR interval be?

A

3-5 squares

200 ms

25
Q

What is bundle branch block?

A

Damage to conducting pathways which determine the route of spread of depolarisation.

26
Q

What can be seen in bundle branch block?

A

Lengthened QRS complex

27
Q

What is heart block caused by?

A

A communication problem between atria and ventricles

28
Q

What is first degree heart block?

A

Conduction delay through the AV node but all electrical signals reach the ventricles

29
Q

What is seen in first degree heat block?

A

Elongated PR interval

30
Q

What is type 1 second degree heart block?

A

Some, but not all, atrial beats get to the ventricle

31
Q

What is seen in type 1 second degree heart block?

A

PR interval is erratic

PR interval elongates until eventually a QRS complex is dropped. The system is then reset.

32
Q

What is type 2 second degree heart block?

A

Electrical excitation sometimes fails to pass through the AV node/bundle of His

33
Q

What is seen in type 2 second degree heart block?

A

Constant PR interval

Not all atrial contractions are followed by ventricular contraction

34
Q

What is third degree heart block?

A

No electrical conduction to the ventricles so ventricles use an ectopic pacemaker.

35
Q

What is seen in third degree heart block?

A

No consistency in PR interval

36
Q

What is seen in ventricular ectopic beats?

A

QR wave is often higher and taller.
Ectopic beats can occur every 3rd/4th etc
Or in couplets, triplets etc.

37
Q

What are ventricular ectopic beats?

A

Occurs when ventricular cells gain pacemaker activity. Causes ventricular contraction before normal depolarisation.

CVS (19 decks)

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