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CVS > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

A

Junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium

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1
Q

Describe the features of cardiac muscle

A

Cells are striated
One centrally placed nucleus
Specialised functions called intercalated discs which also act as Z lines
Have gap junctions for cell to cell communication

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2
Q

Name some elastic arteries

A 
Pulmonary
Aorta
Brachiocephalic
Subclavian
Carotid
Common iliac
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3
Q

What are the blood pressures during systole and diastole of the elastic arteries?

A

Systole: 120mmHg
Diastole: 70-80mmHg

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4
Q

What is in the tunica media?

A

External elastic lamina
Elastic membranes
Smooth muscle cells
Collagen

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5
Q

Describe the walls of arterioles

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media
Only larger ones have a thin, elastic lamina
External elastic lamina is absent
Tunica adventitia is scant

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6
Q

Which arteries arise from the aorta?

A

The brachiocephalic, common carotid and left subclavian

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7
Q

What does the aorta bifurcate into in the abdomen?

A

The left and right common iliac arteries

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8
Q

How much blood does the CVS need to deliver to tissues?

A

5-25L/min

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9
Q

What blood flow does the brain require?

A

0.75L/minute

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10
Q

How is flow contolled?

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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11
Q

What is the blood volume?

A

5L

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12
Q

How much blood is in arteries and arterioles?

A

0.55L

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13
Q

How much blood is in capillaries?

A

0.25L

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14
Q

How much blood is in veins?

A

3.35L

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15
Q

How much blood is in the heart and lungs?

A

0.85L

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16
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Regulate amount of blood reaching tissues

Regulate blood pressure

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17
Q

What type of arteries are arterioles

A

Muscular

18
Q

How high is blood velocity in capillaries? Why?

A

At its lowest

Allows time for exchange with surrounding tissues

19
Q

Diameter of capillaries?

Length of capillaries?

A

7-10 μm

Less than 1mm

20
Q

Describe continuous endothelial layer

A

Cells joined by tight/occluding junctions

21
Q

Where are capillaries with continuous endothelium found?

A

Nervous, muscle and connective tissues

22
Q

Describe fenestrated endothelium in capillaries

A

Has interruptions in the endothelium and bridged by a thin diaphragm.

23
Q

Where is fenestrated endothelium found?

A

Gut, endocrine glands and the renal glomerulus

24
Q

Describe sinusoidal endothelium

A 
Larger diameter (30-40 μm) and slower blood flow. 
Gaps exist in the walls allowing whole cells to move between blood and tissue.
25
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

26
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Form a branching network on outer surface of endothelium

Can divide into muscle cells or fibroblasts during angiogenesis, tumour growth or wound healing

27
Q

Which veins do not have semi lunar valves?

A

Those less than 1mm in diameter

Those found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

28
Q

Characteristics of the tunica intima in elastic arteries?

A

Endothelial cells with long axes parallel to the long axis of the artery
Narrow sub-endothelium of connective tissue with discontinuous internal elastic lamina

29
Q

Features of the tunica media of elastic arteries?

A

40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes
Smooth muscle cells and collagen between these lamellae
Thin external elastic lamina may be present

30
Q

What is in the tunica adventitia of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Vaso vasorum
Fibroelastic connective tissue
Lymphatic vessels
Nerve fibres

31
Q

Features of tunica intima of muscular arteries?

A

Endothelium
Sub endothelial layer
Thick internal elastic lamina

32
Q

Features of tunica media of muscular arteries?

A

40 layers of smooth muscle cells connected by gap junctions for coordinated contraction
Prominent external elastic lamina

33
Q

What type of nerve fibres stimulate vasoconstriction? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

Sympathetic

Noradrenaline

34
Q

When is an artery considered to be an arteriole?

A

When its diameter is less than 0.1 mm

35
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle cells do arterioles have?

A

1-3

36
Q

What is a pre-capillary sphincter?

A

A smooth muscle cell that encircles the endothelium of a capillary arising from a metarteriole

37
Q

What is re permeability of post capillary venules compared to capillaries?

A

More permeable

38
Q

Which way does fluid flow in a post capillary venule? ie out of or into the vessel through the wall?

A

Fluid tends to drain in, due to low pressure

39
Q

Diameter of venules?

A

Up to 1mm

40
Q

How do veins compare to their accompanying artery?

A

Larger diameter

Thinner wall with more connective tissue and fewer elastic and muscle fibres

41
Q

What is the order of vessels that blood passes through?

A 
Large arteries (elastic)
Medium arteries (muscular)
Arterioles
Metarterioles
Capillaries
Post capillary venules
Venules
Medium veins
Large veins
42
Q

What is found in the tunica adventitia of arteries?

A

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
Vaso vasorum
Lymphatic vessels
Nerve fibres

CVS (19 decks)

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