Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVS > Shock > Flashcards

Shock Flashcards

0
Q

Where does peripheral vascular disease most commonly affect?

A

The legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What can poor regional perfusion be caused by?

A

Arterial occlusion

Venous congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of blood volume to veins contain?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can varicose veins lead to?

A

Venous ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Dilated, torturous superficial veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

When the heart has stopped or ceased to pump effectively

Patient is unresponsive and has a lack of pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of cardiac arrest?

A

Asystole - where there is a loss of electrical and mechanical activity
Ventricular fibrillation - uncoordinated electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When may ventricular fibrillation happen?

A

Following an MI
Electrolyte imbalance
Arrhythmias such as long QT or Torsades de Pointes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of cardiac arrest?

A

Basic life support - chest compression and external ventilation
Advanced life support - defibrillation
Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does defibrillation do?

A

Electric current delivered to the heart
Depolarises cells putting them into the refractory period
Allows coordinated electrical activity to restart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does administration of adrenaline do in cardiac arrest?

A

Enhances myocardial function

Increases peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is shock?

A

An acute condition of inadequate blood flow throughout the body. There is a catastrophic fall in arterial blood pressure leading to circulatory shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Equation to find mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Mean arterial BP = CO x TPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can a fall in cardiac output be due to?q

A

Mechanical where the pump cannot fill
Pump failure
Loss of blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can a fall in peripheral resistance be due to?

A

Excessive vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Acute failure of the heart to maintain cardiac out out - pump failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can cardiogenic shock be due to?

A

Myocardial infarction where there is damage to the left ventricle
Serious arrhythmias
Acute worsening of heart failure

17
Q

What happens to arterial and venous blood pressure in cardiogenic shock?

A

Arterial - drops

CVP - normal or raised

18
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Blood or fluid build up in pericardial space

19
Q

What happens to CVP and arterial blood pressure in mechanical shock?

A

Arterial is low

CVP is high

20
Q

What can mechanical shock be due to?

A

Cardiac tamponade

Pulmonary embolism

21
Q

What is mechanical shock?

A

When the ventricle cannot fill properly

22
Q

Explain how a pulmonary embolism can lead to shock and leads to high CVP

A 
Embolus occludes a large pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery pressure is high
Right ventricle cannot empty
CVP is high
Reduced return of blood to left heart
23
Q

Causes of hypovolaemic shock?

A

Haemorrhage
Severe burns
Severe diarrhoea or vomiting and loss of Na

24
Q

How much blood do you need to show some signs of shock and then serious shock?

A

20-30% - some signs

30-40% - serious

25
Q

What initially happens to blood pressure and cardiac output when there is a haemorrhage?

A

Venous pressure falls
Cardiac output falls due to Starling’s law
Arterial pressure falls

26
Q

What is the compensatory response to haemorrhage?

A 
Arterial pressure drop is detected by baroreceptors
Increased sympathetic stimulation
Tachycardia
Increased force of contraction
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Venoconstriction
27
Q

Signs of hypovolaemic shock?

A

Tachycardia
Weak pulse
Pale skin
Cold, clammy extremities

28
Q

What does peripheral vasoconstriction lead to?

A 
Impaired tissue function
Tissue damage due to hypoxia
Release of vasodilators
Fall in TPR
Drop in blood pressure
Vital organs no longer perfused
29
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

When the blood volume is constant, but volume of the circlulation has increased due to a drop in total peripheral resistance

30
Q

What type of shock is toxic and anaphylactic shock?

A

Distributive

31
Q

What happens in toxic shock?

A

Endotoxins are released by circulating bacteria
Cause profound vasodilation
Fall in TPR
Fall in arterial pressure
Impaired perfusion of vital organs
Capillaries become leaky, reducing blood volume

32
Q

Signs of toxic shock?

A

Tachycardia
Warm, red extremities
Vasoconstriction in later stages

33
Q

What happens in anaphylactic shock?

A

Release of histamine from mast cells
Powerful vasodilator - fall in TPR
Drop in arterial pressure
Increased sympathetic response but cannot overcome vasodilation
Impaired perfusion of vital organs
Bronchoconstriction and laryngeal oedema caused by mediators

34
Q

Signs of anaphylactic shock?

A

Difficulty breathing
Collapsed
Tachycardia
Red, warm extremities

35
Q

What is administered in anaphylactic shock and what is its effect?

A

Adrenaline

Vasoconstriction via action at α1 receptors

36
Q

Which types of shock lead to a decrease in total peripheral resistance?

A

Distributive shock

  • anaphylactic
  • toxic
37
Q

Which types of shock lead to a decrease in cardiac output?

A

Hypovolaemic
Cardiogenic
Mechanical

38
Q

What are the three sites of regulation of blood pressure? How do each of these sites regulate it?

A

Kidneys - regulate blood volume
Heart - alter rate and force of contraction
Vasculature - regulate TPR

39
Q

What can hypertension lead to?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy
-risk of heart failure

Arterial disease

  • coronary arteries ➡️ MI/angina
  • cerebrovascular system ➡️ stroke
  • renal vasculature ➡️ kidney failure
  • retina
  • aorta
40
Q

Treatment of hypertension?

A

Diuretics
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers

CVS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions