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CVS > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate from?

A

Craniosacral region

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1
Q

Which division has a longer pre-ganglionic neurone and shorter post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Parasympathetic

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2
Q

Where does the sympathetic originate from?

A

Thoracolumbar region

T1-L2/3

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3
Q

What do preganglionic neurones of both divisions release?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

What receptors are found on the post-ganglionic neurones?

A

Nicotinic Ach receptors

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter is normally found in postganglionic sympathetic neurones?

A

Noradrenaline

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6
Q

What transmitter is used in postganglionic parasympathetic neurones?

A

Ach

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7
Q

What is the exception to noradrenergic sympathetic neurones?

A

Sweat glands - which are muscarinic

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8
Q

What receptors are found on parasympathetic effector cells?

A

Muscarinic

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9
Q

What nerve supplies the parasympathetic input to the heart?

A

Vagus (10th cranial nerve)

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10
Q

What receptors does Ach in the parasympathetic act on in the heart?

A

M2

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11
Q

Term for decreased heart rate?

A

Negative chronotropic effect

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12
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic have on the heart?

A

Negative chronotropic effect
Decreased AV node conduction velocity
Decreases sloe of pacemaker potential by decreasing cAMP

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13
Q

Which receptors does the sympathetic act on in the heart?

A

β1 adrenoreceptors

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14
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the heart?

A

Positive chronotropic effect
Increased inotropic effect
Increases cAMP to speed up pacemaker potential

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15
Q

How does NA increase inotropy?

A

Acts on β1 receptors to increase cAMP
Causes phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels so increased Ca entry during action potential
Increased Ca uptake in SR
Increased sensitivity of contractile machinery to Ca
Increased force of contraction

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16
Q

Which vessels do not receive sympathetic innervation?

A

Erectile

17
Q

What type of innervation do most vessels receive?

A

Sympathetic

18
Q

What receptors are in most arteries and veins?

A

α1 adrenoreceptors

19
Q

What receptors are found on coronary, liver and skeletal muscle vessels?

A

α1 and β2

20
Q

What is the effect of decreased sympathetic output on vessels?

A

Vasodilation

21
Q

What receptor (out of the two on blood vessels) does adrenaline have the highest affinity for?

A

β2

22
Q

What is the effect of activating β2?

A

Increases cAMP
Opens potassium channels
Relaxation of smooth muscle
Vasodilation

23
Q

What is the effect of activating α1?

A

Increased calcium in cells
Contraction of smooth muscle
Vasoconstriction

24
Q

What is the effect of a low circulating conc of adrenaline?

A

Vasodilation because it has a higher affinity for β2

25
Q

What is the effect of a high conc of adrenaline?

A

Vasoconstriction

26
Q

What is the effect of metabolites?

A

Vasodilation

27
Q

Name some metabolites

A

Adenosine, K+, H+, carbon dioxide

28
Q

What type of receptors give information about high pressure and low pressure?

A

High pressure - baroreceptors

Low pressure - atrial receptors

29
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

30
Q

Synpathetic receptor in airways and effect?

A

Beta 2

Relax

31
Q

Parasympathetic receptor in airways? Effect?

A

M3

Contract

32
Q

Sympathetic receptor in pupil and effect?

A

Dilation

Alpha 1

33
Q

Para receptor in pupil? Effect?

A

M3

Contraction

34
Q

Sympathetic receptors in sweat glands? Effect?

A

α1 - localised secretion

M3 - generalised secretion

35
Q

Effect of β adrenoreceptors?

A

Stimulate adenylyl cyclase causing glycogenolysis and lipolysis

36
Q

Effect of M3-muscarinic receptors?

A

Stimulate phospholipase C

Smooth muscle contraction

37
Q

Effect of M2 muscarinic receptors?

A

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase and stimulate potassium channels

Slows cardiac pacemaker

38
Q

Effect of rhodopsin?

A

Stimulates cGMP and phosphodiesterase

Visual excitation

39
Q

Where are α adrenoreceptors found and effects?

A 
Arterioles- vasoconstriction
Sweat glands - localised secretion
Pancreas - increased secretion
Salivary glands - viscous secretion
Adipose tissue - increased lipolysis
40
Q

Where are β adrenoreceptors found and their effects?

A

SA node - increases heart rate
Atria and ventricles - increases contractility
AV and Purkinje - increases conduction velocity
Arterioles of coronary and skeletal muscle - vasodilatation
Bronchial muscles - dilation
Adipose tissue - lipolysis

CVS (19 decks)

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