the cytoplasm and cellular organelles

Question 1

t/f ? all living cells in unicellular organisms contain internal cytoplsmic compartment and a nucleus

Answer 1

false! in a MULTICELLULAR

Question 2

cytosol

Answer 2

• jelly like substance in cells
• provides fluid necessary for biochemical reactions

Question 3

organelle

Answer 3

one several different types of membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell. all with a unique function!

Question 4

cytoplasm

Answer 4

oorganelles and cytosol

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

cells central organelle
- cells DNA

Question 6

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

• system of channels that is continuous with nuclear membrane
• covers the nucleus and composed of same lipid bilayer material
• provides passages throughout much of cell to help in transporting, synthesizing and storing materials
• two types: rough and smooth

Question 7

Rough ER

Answer 7

• ## dotted with embedded granules (ribosomes)

Question 8

ribosome

Answer 8

• organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis
• 2 rRNA subunits that wrap around mRNA to start process of translation and protein synthesis

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

• synthesis of lipids
• synthesizes phospholipids and steroid hormones
• metabolizes some carbs and performs detoxification (breaks down certain toxins)

Question 10

golgi apparatus function

Answer 10

• responsible for sorting, modifying and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER
• post office
• one side receives vesicles, sorts through aparatus, released from opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles

Question 11

lysosomes

Answer 11

• an organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components (like damaged organelles)
• breaks down foreign material
• janitor

Question 12

autophagy

Answer 12

• self eating
• process of cell digesting its own structures

Question 13

autolysis

Answer 13

• process of controled cell death
• lysosomes triggered to open up and released their digestive enzumes into cytoplasm to kill the cell

Question 14

mitochondria function

Answer 14

• energy transfomer of cell
• cellular respiration occurs
• converts energy stored in nutrient molecules into ATP and provides usable energy for the cell
• reason why you need to constantly O2

Question 15

what type of cells have lots of mitochondria?

Answer 15

muscle cells! and nerve cells!

Question 16

peroxisome

Answer 16

• contains mostly enzymes
• lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification
• serve to transfer hydrogen atoms from molecules to oxygen
• produce hydrogen peroxide to neutralize poisons
• oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals
• neutralize harmful toxins so they don’t wreak havoc in cells
• lots of peroxisomes in livers

Question 17

Reactive oxygen species

Answer 17

the highly reactive products like peroxides and free radicals (reactive bc they hav free unpaired electrons, play role in destructive processes in body, cause cellular damage and cell death)
- used for cell functions like cell signaling processes and immune responses

Question 18

Oxidative stress

Answer 18

used to describe damage to cellular components caused by ROS
- ROS can cause chain reaction where they make other molecules oxidized and reactive and they do the same to others
- ROS can also cause permenant damage to cellular lipids, proteins, carbs and nucleic acids (which can cause cancer)
- major contributor to aging process

Question 19

mutation

Answer 19

• change in nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cells DNA
• potentially alters protein coded by that gene

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells
- critical for cell mobility, cell reproduction and transportation of substances within the cell
- 3 different differents types of protein-based filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 21

microtubules

Answer 21

• structural filament made of subunits of protein called tubules
• maintain cell shape and structure
• resist compression of the cell
• play a role in positioning organelles within the cell
• make up two types of appendages important for motion: cilia and flagella
• one type: centrioles

Question 22

what are centrioles? function?

Answer 22

cellular orgin point for microtubules extending outward during seperation of DNA during cell division. microtubules grow out from the centrioles by adding more tubulin subuints

Question 23

microfilament

Answer 23

• thinner type of cytoskelatal filament
• made of twisted actin fibers (responsible for muscle contraction)
• actin filaments are long chains of single subunits and are pulled by thick filaments of myosin protein to contract the cell
• also creates a cleavage furrow to split cell in half during cell division

Question 24

intermediate filament

Answer 24

• intermediate in thickness between microtubules and microfilaments
• they’re important for maintaining cell shape and structure
• resist tension
• help anchor organelle together within a cell and and link cells to cells by forming special junctions