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Massage Therapy! > structure of human body > Flashcards

structure of human body Flashcards

week 2

1
Q

what are the 8 different body systems?

A
  1. nervous system
  2. respiratory system
  3. cardiovascular system
  4. digestive system
  5. muscular system
  6. skeletal system
  7. endocrine system
  8. immune system
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2
Q

nervous system

A
  • responsible for controlling and coordinating all body functions
  • brain, spinal cord, network of nerves
  • controls breathing and digestion to movement and sensation
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3
Q

respiratory system

A
  • takes in oxygen and removes CO2
  • comprises of lungs, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm
  • lungs exchange gases
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4
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • circulating blood throughout the body
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
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5
Q

digestive system

A
  • breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
  • mouth, esophagus, stomach small large intestine and anus
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6
Q

muscular system

A
  • responsible for movement and stability
  • comprises of muscles and tendons that work together to move body
  • skeletal, smooth or cardiac
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7
Q

skeletal system

A
  • provides support and protection for body
  • bones, carliage and ligaments
  • structure and support
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8
Q

endocrine system

A
  • regulates hormones
  • glands that ssecrete and produce hormones
  • body functions as growth, metabolism and reproduction
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9
Q

immune system

A
  • defends body against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria
  • WBC, lymph nodes, spleen
  • WBC identify and destroy foreign invaders
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10
Q

nervous system

A
  • most complex and vital systems in the human body
  • the nervous system is divided into two main parts: central and peripheral
  • controls and coordinates all bodily functions
  • receives info from the environment through senses and transmits to the brain to process
  • also responsible for regulating body temp, BP, blood glucose levels to keep body balanced
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11
Q

CNS

A
  • ## brain and spinal cord
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12
Q

brain

A
  • control center of NS
  • 3 parts: cerebrum (thinking, sensation, movement), cerebellum (balance and coordination), brainstem (essential body functions, breathing, HR, and BP)
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13
Q

PNS

A
  • 2 parts: somatic NS (voluntary movements) and autonomic NS (involuntary bodily functions: HR and digestion)
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14
Q

disorders of NS

A
  1. multiple sclerosis: chronic autoimmune disorder affects myelin sheath surround nerves in CNS, communication problems between brain and body
  2. alzheimers disease: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes memory loss and cognitive decline
  3. parkinsons: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes tremors stiffness and difficulty with movment.
  4. epilepsy: disorder charcterized by seizures which are cuased by abnormal elecrrical activity in brain
  5. stroke: when blood flow to brain is interrupted causing damage to brain tissue
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15
Q

the respiratory system

A
  • provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste co2, help maintain acid-base balance
  • also used for nonvital functions such as sensing odors and speech production and for straining (childbirth or coughing
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16
Q

what is the structure of respiratory system

A
  • divided to two parts: upper and lower respiratory tract
  • upper: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
    lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
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17
Q

organization

A

trachea –> two bronchi leading to lungs –> lungs –> divided to lobes (surrounded by pleura) –> alveoli
- diaphragm (contracting and relaxing to expand and compress lungs)

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18
Q

what is respiratory function?

A
  • exchange gases between body and environment
  • breathe in: o2 from air taking up by alveoli in lungs and transported to the bloodstream
  • co2 waste product of metabolism is removed through exhalation
  • regulates body pH balance by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled (bc its acidic)
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19
Q

disorders of the respiratory system

A
  1. asthma: chronic respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways (difficulty breathing)
  2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: progressive respiratory disorder includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. charcterized by airflow limitation and difficulty breathing
  3. pneumonia: infection of lungs that bacteria, viruses or fungi can cause characterized by inflammation of lungs and can cause fever, cough and difficulty breathing
  4. lung cancer: malignant tumor that develops in lungs , caused by
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20
Q

cardiovascular system (circulatory system)

A
  • circulates blood through body - heart , blood vessels and blood
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21
Q

blood vessels

A
  • arteries: carry oxygenated blood AWAY from heart to body
  • veins carry deoxygenated blood vack to heart
  • capillaries: smallest, exchange gases, nutrients and waste products between blood and bodys tissues
  • transport blood throughout body
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22
Q

blood

A
  • fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout body
  • plasma, WBC, RBC and platlelets
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23
Q

function of cardiovascular system

A
  • circulating blood throughout body
  • carries o2 and nutrients to bodys tissues and removes waste products like co2
  • regulates body temp, pH balance and fluid balance
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24
Q

heart

A
  • 4 chambers: r&l atria and r&l ventricles
  • rights: pump deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation, - lefts: pump oxygenated blood to rest of body
  • pumps blood through body by contacting and relaxing
    systole: contraction of heart
    diastole: relaxation of heart
  • BP: measures force of blood against walls of arteries during systole and diastole
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25
Q

disorders of cardiovascular system

A
  1. hypertension: high blood pressure, can damage blood vessels and organs like heart, kidneys and brain
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26
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A
  • condition in which arteries that supply blood to heart become narrowed or blocked
  • chest pain, heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems
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27
Q

heart failure

A
  • condition where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet bodys needs
  • fatigue, shortness of breath and other symptoms
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28
Q

arrhythmias

A
  • condition where heart beats irregularly, too fast or too slow
  • leads to dizziness, fainting and other symptoms
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29
Q

digestive system

A
  • responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
  • mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
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30
Q

structure and roles of structure in digestive system

A

digestive tract —
mouth: breaks down food into smaller
esophagus: carries food to stomach
stomach: breaks down food further using acid or enzymes
small intestine: absorbs nutrients and large absorbs water
accessory organs –
liver: produces bile which breaks down fat in small intestine
pancreas: produces enzymes that help break down carbs, proteins and fats
gallbladder: stores and releases bile into small intestine

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31
Q

function of digestive

A
  • break down food into nutrients body can use
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32
Q

disorders of digestive

A
  1. gastroesophageal relux disease (GERD): stomach acid goes back into esophagus causing heartburn
  2. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): chronic inflammatory conditions that affect digestive tract
  3. irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): common digestive disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and changes in bowel habits
  4. peptic ulcers: sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum caused by infection wit hbacteria
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33
Q

muscular system

A
  • movement and posture of human body
  • more than 600 muscles
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34
Q

structure of muscular system

A
  1. skeletal muscles: attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement, striated (striped), controlled by NS
  2. smooth muscles: in walls of internal organs and blood vessels, nonstriated and controlled by ANS, involuntary movments
  3. cardiac muscles: heart, pump blood, striated but involuntarily controlled by specialized cells
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35
Q

function of muscular system

A
  1. skeletal muscles: contract and relax to move bones and joints, maintain posture and stability
  2. smooth muscles: involuntary movments, contraction of digestive, regulate BP and flow of blood
  3. cardiac: pump blood through the body
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36
Q

disorders of muscular

A
  1. muscular dystrophy: group of inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degernation in muscles
  2. myasthenia gravis: muscles become weak and fatigued due to breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles
  3. spasms and cramps: involuntary contractions caused by overuse, dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
  4. strains and sprains: injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments by overstretching or tearing
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37
Q

what is the framework for the human body?

A

skeletal system

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37
Q

what is the structure of the skeletal system?

A
  • bones, cartliage, tendons and ligaments
  • 206 bones in adult body
  • ligaments: strong, fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone
  • tendons: connect muscle to bone, hold bones together,
  • carliage: connective tissue that covers end of bones and allow for smooth joint movement
  • bone marrow: found in spongy tissue inside bones, produce RBCs, WBCs and platelets
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38
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • main function is to provide support, protection and movement for body
  • provide framework for body and suppport its weight
  • protect internal organs: brain, heart, lungs
39
Q

disorders of skeletal system (4)

A
  1. osteoporosis
  2. arthritis
  3. fractures
  4. scoliosis
40
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

condition in which bones become weak and brittle, leading to an increased risk of fractures

41
Q

what is arthritis?

A

conditions characterized by inflammation of the joints, can cause pain, swelling and stiffness

42
Q

what are fractures?

A

break in a bone caused by sudden impact or injury

43
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

when the spine curves sideways, causing uneven distribution of weight and strain on the body

44
Q

what is an endocrine?

A
  • complex system of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones thorughout the body
  • hormones are chemical messengers that regulate many body functions (growth and development, metabolism and reproduction)

endocrine system –
SECRETES HORMONES
REGULATES BODY PROCESSES

45
Q

what is the structure of the endocrine system?

A
  • several glands and organs
  • including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive organs
46
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

region of the brain that produces hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

47
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

‘master gland’
controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body

48
Q

what is the thyroid gland?

A

produces hormones that regulate metabolism

49
Q

what do parathyroid glands do?

A

produce hromones that regulate the level of calcium in the blood

50
Q

what do the adrenal glands do?

A

produce hormones that regulate stress and salt balance

51
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels

52
Q

what do the reproductive organs do?

A

ovaries and testes: produce hormones that regulate reproductive functions and sexual development

53
Q

what are the main functions of the reproductive system?

A
  • produces sex hormones
  • supports embryo/fetus until birth
  • produces milk for infant
54
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A
  • regulates bodily functions: growth, development, metabolism and reproduction
  • produces hormones (produced by gland and organs) and releases them into the bloodstream
  • travel through the body and bind to specific receptors on target cells (causing response)
  • the thyroid gland can produce hormones that regulate metabolism
55
Q

what are the disorders of the endocrine system? 4

A
  1. diabetes
  2. thyroid disorders
  3. adrenal disorders
  4. pituitary disorders
56
Q

what is diabetes?

A

condition in which body cannot regulate blood sugar levels (leads to high and low glucose levels in blood)

57
Q

what are thyroid disorders?

A

include hyperthroidism: produces too much thyroid hormone and hypothyroidism: produces too little thyroid hormone

58
Q

what are adrenal disorders?

A

conditions like addisons disease and cushing syndrome –> dysfunction of adrenal glands

59
Q

what are epituitary disorders?

A

pituitary tumors: affect production and release of hormones from pituitary gland

60
Q

what is the immune system?

A
  • complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against infections, diseases and foreign invaders
  • closely associated with lymphatic system
61
Q

what is the lymphatic systems role?

A
  • responsible for removing excess fluid and waste products from the body
  • RETURNS FLUID TO BLOOD AND DEFENDS AGAINST PATHOGENS
62
Q

what is the structure of the immune system?

A
  • WBCs, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus
63
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

network of thin tubes that carry lymph fluid, a clear colorless liquid that contains WBCs and other immune system cells throughout the body

64
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A
  • small bean-shaped structures located through the body
  • filter lymph fluid and contain immune system cells that help to identify and destroy foreign invaders
65
Q

what is the spleen?

A

orgna located in upper left part of abdomen
- filter blood and contains immune system cells that help to identify and destroy foreign invaders

66
Q

what is the thymus?

A
  • gland located in upper chest that produces tcells (type of WBCs that helps to identify and destroy foreign invaders
67
Q

what is the function of immune/lymphatic system?

A
  • defends body against infections, diseases and foreign invaders
  • identifies and destroys pathogens (such as viruses and bacteria) that can cause illness
68
Q

what is the role of WBCs (t cells and b cells)?

A

identify and destroy pathogens
- by recognizing and attaching to specific antigens on pathogens surface (triggers an immune response)

69
Q

what is the role of lymphatic vessels and nodes

A
  • help to filter and remove pathogens from body
  • lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and transports immune system cells throughout the body
70
Q

disorders of the immune/lymphatic system? 4

A
  1. allergies
  2. autoimmune diseases
  3. immunodeficiency disorders
  4. lymphoma
71
Q

what are allergies?

A

hypersensitive reactions to ordinarily harmless substance (pollen or certain foods)

72
Q

what are autoimmune diseases?

A
  • conditions in which immune system attacks bodys own tissues leading to inflammation and damage
73
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system

74
Q

what is an immunodefiiency disorder?

A

conditions where immune system is unable to effectively fight off infections and diseases

75
Q

what is the urinary/renal system?

A

removes waste products and excess fluid from the body

76
Q

what is the structure of the urinary system?

A
  • organs such as the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
77
Q

what are the kidneys ?

A
  • 2 bean-shaped organs located in back of abdomen
  • filter waste products and excess fluid from blood to produce urine (flows from kidneys into ureters)
78
Q

what are the ureters?

A
  • 2 thin tubes that connect kidneys to bladder
  • they carry urine from kidneys to bladder
79
Q

what is the bladder?

A
  • muscular sac in lower abdomen
  • stores urine until ready to be eliminated
80
Q

what is the urethra

A

thin tube that carries urine from bladder out of the body?

81
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A
  • primary function: remove waste products and excess fluid from the body
  • kidneys filter waste products (like urea and creatine) from blood
  • kidneys regulate body fluid, electrolyte balance, and BP
  • urine is produced in the kidneys: and flows down to ureters to bladder, stores urine until ready to be eliminated from body, urethra carries urine out of body during urination
82
Q

disorders of the urinary system? 4

A
  1. urinary tract infections (UTI)
  2. kidney stones
  3. incontinence
  4. chronic kidney disease (CKD)
83
Q

what are UTIs?

A

infections of urinary system, caused by bacteria, can cause pain and discomfort during urination, frequent urination, etc

84
Q

what are kidney stones?

A

hard kidney deposits and can cause pain and discomfort durig urination

85
Q

what is incontinence?

A

this is a condition in which a person cannot control bladder leading to involuntary urination

86
Q

what is chronic kidney disease?

A

condition where kidneys cannot function properly over long period, leading to a buildup of waste products and fluids in body

87
Q

what are the 4 categories of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
88
Q

how are tissues characterized

A

by specific functions that contribute to overall health and maintenance of the body
- disruption of structure is sign of injury or disease

89
Q

histology

A
  • microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization and function
90
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • aka epithelium
  • refers to sheets of cells covering exterior surfaces of body, lining internal cavities and passageways, forms certain glands
91
Q

connective tissues

A
  • binds cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support and integration of all body parts
92
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • is excitable
  • responds to stimulation and contracting to provide movement
  • 3 types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart
93
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • also excitable
  • allows propagation of electrochemical signals through nerve impulses that communicate between different body regions
94
Q

organ

A
  • several types of tissues come together to form working unit
  • understanding tissues helps us understand organs

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