structure of human body Flashcards
week 2
what are the 8 different body systems?
- nervous system
- respiratory system
- cardiovascular system
- digestive system
- muscular system
- skeletal system
- endocrine system
- immune system
nervous system
- responsible for controlling and coordinating all body functions
- brain, spinal cord, network of nerves
- controls breathing and digestion to movement and sensation
respiratory system
- takes in oxygen and removes CO2
- comprises of lungs, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm
- lungs exchange gases
cardiovascular system
- circulating blood throughout the body
- heart, blood vessels, blood
digestive system
- breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
- mouth, esophagus, stomach small large intestine and anus
muscular system
- responsible for movement and stability
- comprises of muscles and tendons that work together to move body
- skeletal, smooth or cardiac
skeletal system
- provides support and protection for body
- bones, carliage and ligaments
- structure and support
endocrine system
- regulates hormones
- glands that ssecrete and produce hormones
- body functions as growth, metabolism and reproduction
immune system
- defends body against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria
- WBC, lymph nodes, spleen
- WBC identify and destroy foreign invaders
nervous system
- most complex and vital systems in the human body
- the nervous system is divided into two main parts: central and peripheral
- controls and coordinates all bodily functions
- receives info from the environment through senses and transmits to the brain to process
- also responsible for regulating body temp, BP, blood glucose levels to keep body balanced
CNS
- ## brain and spinal cord
brain
- control center of NS
- 3 parts: cerebrum (thinking, sensation, movement), cerebellum (balance and coordination), brainstem (essential body functions, breathing, HR, and BP)
PNS
- 2 parts: somatic NS (voluntary movements) and autonomic NS (involuntary bodily functions: HR and digestion)
disorders of NS
- multiple sclerosis: chronic autoimmune disorder affects myelin sheath surround nerves in CNS, communication problems between brain and body
- alzheimers disease: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes memory loss and cognitive decline
- parkinsons: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes tremors stiffness and difficulty with movment.
- epilepsy: disorder charcterized by seizures which are cuased by abnormal elecrrical activity in brain
- stroke: when blood flow to brain is interrupted causing damage to brain tissue
the respiratory system
- provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste co2, help maintain acid-base balance
- also used for nonvital functions such as sensing odors and speech production and for straining (childbirth or coughing
what is the structure of respiratory system
- divided to two parts: upper and lower respiratory tract
- upper: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
organization
trachea –> two bronchi leading to lungs –> lungs –> divided to lobes (surrounded by pleura) –> alveoli
- diaphragm (contracting and relaxing to expand and compress lungs)
what is respiratory function?
- exchange gases between body and environment
- breathe in: o2 from air taking up by alveoli in lungs and transported to the bloodstream
- co2 waste product of metabolism is removed through exhalation
- regulates body pH balance by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled (bc its acidic)
disorders of the respiratory system
- asthma: chronic respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways (difficulty breathing)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: progressive respiratory disorder includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. charcterized by airflow limitation and difficulty breathing
- pneumonia: infection of lungs that bacteria, viruses or fungi can cause characterized by inflammation of lungs and can cause fever, cough and difficulty breathing
- lung cancer: malignant tumor that develops in lungs , caused by
cardiovascular system (circulatory system)
- circulates blood through body - heart , blood vessels and blood
blood vessels
- arteries: carry oxygenated blood AWAY from heart to body
- veins carry deoxygenated blood vack to heart
- capillaries: smallest, exchange gases, nutrients and waste products between blood and bodys tissues
- transport blood throughout body
blood
- fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout body
- plasma, WBC, RBC and platlelets
function of cardiovascular system
- circulating blood throughout body
- carries o2 and nutrients to bodys tissues and removes waste products like co2
- regulates body temp, pH balance and fluid balance
heart
- 4 chambers: r&l atria and r&l ventricles
- rights: pump deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation, - lefts: pump oxygenated blood to rest of body
- pumps blood through body by contacting and relaxing
systole: contraction of heart
diastole: relaxation of heart - BP: measures force of blood against walls of arteries during systole and diastole
disorders of cardiovascular system
- hypertension: high blood pressure, can damage blood vessels and organs like heart, kidneys and brain
coronary artery disease (CAD)
- condition in which arteries that supply blood to heart become narrowed or blocked
- chest pain, heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems
heart failure
- condition where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet bodys needs
- fatigue, shortness of breath and other symptoms
arrhythmias
- condition where heart beats irregularly, too fast or too slow
- leads to dizziness, fainting and other symptoms
digestive system
- responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
structure and roles of structure in digestive system
digestive tract —
mouth: breaks down food into smaller
esophagus: carries food to stomach
stomach: breaks down food further using acid or enzymes
small intestine: absorbs nutrients and large absorbs water
accessory organs –
liver: produces bile which breaks down fat in small intestine
pancreas: produces enzymes that help break down carbs, proteins and fats
gallbladder: stores and releases bile into small intestine
function of digestive
- break down food into nutrients body can use
disorders of digestive
- gastroesophageal relux disease (GERD): stomach acid goes back into esophagus causing heartburn
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): chronic inflammatory conditions that affect digestive tract
- irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): common digestive disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and changes in bowel habits
- peptic ulcers: sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum caused by infection wit hbacteria
muscular system
- movement and posture of human body
- more than 600 muscles
structure of muscular system
- skeletal muscles: attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement, striated (striped), controlled by NS
- smooth muscles: in walls of internal organs and blood vessels, nonstriated and controlled by ANS, involuntary movments
- cardiac muscles: heart, pump blood, striated but involuntarily controlled by specialized cells
function of muscular system
- skeletal muscles: contract and relax to move bones and joints, maintain posture and stability
- smooth muscles: involuntary movments, contraction of digestive, regulate BP and flow of blood
- cardiac: pump blood through the body
disorders of muscular
- muscular dystrophy: group of inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degernation in muscles
- myasthenia gravis: muscles become weak and fatigued due to breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles
- spasms and cramps: involuntary contractions caused by overuse, dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
- strains and sprains: injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments by overstretching or tearing
what is the framework for the human body?
skeletal system
what is the structure of the skeletal system?
- bones, cartliage, tendons and ligaments
- 206 bones in adult body
- ligaments: strong, fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone
- tendons: connect muscle to bone, hold bones together,
- carliage: connective tissue that covers end of bones and allow for smooth joint movement
- bone marrow: found in spongy tissue inside bones, produce RBCs, WBCs and platelets
what is the function of the skeletal system?
- main function is to provide support, protection and movement for body
- provide framework for body and suppport its weight
- protect internal organs: brain, heart, lungs
disorders of skeletal system (4)
- osteoporosis
- arthritis
- fractures
- scoliosis
what is osteoporosis?
condition in which bones become weak and brittle, leading to an increased risk of fractures
what is arthritis?
conditions characterized by inflammation of the joints, can cause pain, swelling and stiffness
what are fractures?
break in a bone caused by sudden impact or injury
what is scoliosis?
when the spine curves sideways, causing uneven distribution of weight and strain on the body
what is an endocrine?
- complex system of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones thorughout the body
- hormones are chemical messengers that regulate many body functions (growth and development, metabolism and reproduction)
endocrine system –
SECRETES HORMONES
REGULATES BODY PROCESSES
what is the structure of the endocrine system?
- several glands and organs
- including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive organs
what is the hypothalamus?
region of the brain that produces hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
what is the pituitary gland?
‘master gland’
controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body
what is the thyroid gland?
produces hormones that regulate metabolism
what do parathyroid glands do?
produce hromones that regulate the level of calcium in the blood
what do the adrenal glands do?
produce hormones that regulate stress and salt balance
what does the pancreas do?
produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
what do the reproductive organs do?
ovaries and testes: produce hormones that regulate reproductive functions and sexual development
what are the main functions of the reproductive system?
- produces sex hormones
- supports embryo/fetus until birth
- produces milk for infant
what is the function of the endocrine system?
- regulates bodily functions: growth, development, metabolism and reproduction
- produces hormones (produced by gland and organs) and releases them into the bloodstream
- travel through the body and bind to specific receptors on target cells (causing response)
- the thyroid gland can produce hormones that regulate metabolism
what are the disorders of the endocrine system? 4
- diabetes
- thyroid disorders
- adrenal disorders
- pituitary disorders
what is diabetes?
condition in which body cannot regulate blood sugar levels (leads to high and low glucose levels in blood)
what are thyroid disorders?
include hyperthroidism: produces too much thyroid hormone and hypothyroidism: produces too little thyroid hormone
what are adrenal disorders?
conditions like addisons disease and cushing syndrome –> dysfunction of adrenal glands
what are epituitary disorders?
pituitary tumors: affect production and release of hormones from pituitary gland
what is the immune system?
- complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against infections, diseases and foreign invaders
- closely associated with lymphatic system
what is the lymphatic systems role?
- responsible for removing excess fluid and waste products from the body
- RETURNS FLUID TO BLOOD AND DEFENDS AGAINST PATHOGENS
what is the structure of the immune system?
- WBCs, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus
what are lymphatic vessels?
network of thin tubes that carry lymph fluid, a clear colorless liquid that contains WBCs and other immune system cells throughout the body
what are lymph nodes?
- small bean-shaped structures located through the body
- filter lymph fluid and contain immune system cells that help to identify and destroy foreign invaders
what is the spleen?
orgna located in upper left part of abdomen
- filter blood and contains immune system cells that help to identify and destroy foreign invaders
what is the thymus?
- gland located in upper chest that produces tcells (type of WBCs that helps to identify and destroy foreign invaders
what is the function of immune/lymphatic system?
- defends body against infections, diseases and foreign invaders
- identifies and destroys pathogens (such as viruses and bacteria) that can cause illness
what is the role of WBCs (t cells and b cells)?
identify and destroy pathogens
- by recognizing and attaching to specific antigens on pathogens surface (triggers an immune response)
what is the role of lymphatic vessels and nodes
- help to filter and remove pathogens from body
- lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and transports immune system cells throughout the body
disorders of the immune/lymphatic system? 4
- allergies
- autoimmune diseases
- immunodeficiency disorders
- lymphoma
what are allergies?
hypersensitive reactions to ordinarily harmless substance (pollen or certain foods)
what are autoimmune diseases?
- conditions in which immune system attacks bodys own tissues leading to inflammation and damage
what is lymphoma?
type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system
what is an immunodefiiency disorder?
conditions where immune system is unable to effectively fight off infections and diseases
what is the urinary/renal system?
removes waste products and excess fluid from the body
what is the structure of the urinary system?
- organs such as the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
what are the kidneys ?
- 2 bean-shaped organs located in back of abdomen
- filter waste products and excess fluid from blood to produce urine (flows from kidneys into ureters)
what are the ureters?
- 2 thin tubes that connect kidneys to bladder
- they carry urine from kidneys to bladder
what is the bladder?
- muscular sac in lower abdomen
- stores urine until ready to be eliminated
what is the urethra
thin tube that carries urine from bladder out of the body?
what is the function of the urinary system?
- primary function: remove waste products and excess fluid from the body
- kidneys filter waste products (like urea and creatine) from blood
- kidneys regulate body fluid, electrolyte balance, and BP
- urine is produced in the kidneys: and flows down to ureters to bladder, stores urine until ready to be eliminated from body, urethra carries urine out of body during urination
disorders of the urinary system? 4
- urinary tract infections (UTI)
- kidney stones
- incontinence
- chronic kidney disease (CKD)
what are UTIs?
infections of urinary system, caused by bacteria, can cause pain and discomfort during urination, frequent urination, etc
what are kidney stones?
hard kidney deposits and can cause pain and discomfort durig urination
what is incontinence?
this is a condition in which a person cannot control bladder leading to involuntary urination
what is chronic kidney disease?
condition where kidneys cannot function properly over long period, leading to a buildup of waste products and fluids in body
what are the 4 categories of tissues
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
how are tissues characterized
by specific functions that contribute to overall health and maintenance of the body
- disruption of structure is sign of injury or disease
histology
- microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization and function
Epithelial tissue
- aka epithelium
- refers to sheets of cells covering exterior surfaces of body, lining internal cavities and passageways, forms certain glands
connective tissues
- binds cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support and integration of all body parts
muscle tissue
- is excitable
- responds to stimulation and contracting to provide movement
- 3 types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart
nervous tissue
- also excitable
- allows propagation of electrochemical signals through nerve impulses that communicate between different body regions
organ
- several types of tissues come together to form working unit
- understanding tissues helps us understand organs
