structure of human body Flashcards
week 2
what are the 8 different body systems?
- nervous system
- respiratory system
- cardiovascular system
- digestive system
- muscular system
- skeletal system
- endocrine system
- immune system
nervous system
- responsible for controlling and coordinating all body functions
- brain, spinal cord, network of nerves
- controls breathing and digestion to movement and sensation
respiratory system
- takes in oxygen and removes CO2
- comprises of lungs, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm
- lungs exchange gases
cardiovascular system
- circulating blood throughout the body
- heart, blood vessels, blood
digestive system
- breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
- mouth, esophagus, stomach small large intestine and anus
muscular system
- responsible for movement and stability
- comprises of muscles and tendons that work together to move body
- skeletal, smooth or cardiac
skeletal system
- provides support and protection for body
- bones, carliage and ligaments
- structure and support
endocrine system
- regulates hormones
- glands that ssecrete and produce hormones
- body functions as growth, metabolism and reproduction
immune system
- defends body against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria
- WBC, lymph nodes, spleen
- WBC identify and destroy foreign invaders
nervous system
- most complex and vital systems in the human body
- the nervous system is divided into two main parts: central and peripheral
- controls and coordinates all bodily functions
- receives info from the environment through senses and transmits to the brain to process
- also responsible for regulating body temp, BP, blood glucose levels to keep body balanced
CNS
- ## brain and spinal cord
brain
- control center of NS
- 3 parts: cerebrum (thinking, sensation, movement), cerebellum (balance and coordination), brainstem (essential body functions, breathing, HR, and BP)
PNS
- 2 parts: somatic NS (voluntary movements) and autonomic NS (involuntary bodily functions: HR and digestion)
disorders of NS
- multiple sclerosis: chronic autoimmune disorder affects myelin sheath surround nerves in CNS, communication problems between brain and body
- alzheimers disease: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes memory loss and cognitive decline
- parkinsons: degenerative disorder that affects brain, causes tremors stiffness and difficulty with movment.
- epilepsy: disorder charcterized by seizures which are cuased by abnormal elecrrical activity in brain
- stroke: when blood flow to brain is interrupted causing damage to brain tissue
the respiratory system
- provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste co2, help maintain acid-base balance
- also used for nonvital functions such as sensing odors and speech production and for straining (childbirth or coughing
what is the structure of respiratory system
- divided to two parts: upper and lower respiratory tract
- upper: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
organization
trachea –> two bronchi leading to lungs –> lungs –> divided to lobes (surrounded by pleura) –> alveoli
- diaphragm (contracting and relaxing to expand and compress lungs)
what is respiratory function?
- exchange gases between body and environment
- breathe in: o2 from air taking up by alveoli in lungs and transported to the bloodstream
- co2 waste product of metabolism is removed through exhalation
- regulates body pH balance by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled (bc its acidic)
disorders of the respiratory system
- asthma: chronic respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways (difficulty breathing)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: progressive respiratory disorder includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. charcterized by airflow limitation and difficulty breathing
- pneumonia: infection of lungs that bacteria, viruses or fungi can cause characterized by inflammation of lungs and can cause fever, cough and difficulty breathing
- lung cancer: malignant tumor that develops in lungs , caused by
cardiovascular system (circulatory system)
- circulates blood through body - heart , blood vessels and blood
blood vessels
- arteries: carry oxygenated blood AWAY from heart to body
- veins carry deoxygenated blood vack to heart
- capillaries: smallest, exchange gases, nutrients and waste products between blood and bodys tissues
- transport blood throughout body
blood
- fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout body
- plasma, WBC, RBC and platlelets
function of cardiovascular system
- circulating blood throughout body
- carries o2 and nutrients to bodys tissues and removes waste products like co2
- regulates body temp, pH balance and fluid balance
heart
- 4 chambers: r&l atria and r&l ventricles
- rights: pump deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation, - lefts: pump oxygenated blood to rest of body
- pumps blood through body by contacting and relaxing
systole: contraction of heart
diastole: relaxation of heart - BP: measures force of blood against walls of arteries during systole and diastole
disorders of cardiovascular system
- hypertension: high blood pressure, can damage blood vessels and organs like heart, kidneys and brain
coronary artery disease (CAD)
- condition in which arteries that supply blood to heart become narrowed or blocked
- chest pain, heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems
heart failure
- condition where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet bodys needs
- fatigue, shortness of breath and other symptoms
arrhythmias
- condition where heart beats irregularly, too fast or too slow
- leads to dizziness, fainting and other symptoms
digestive system
- responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
structure and roles of structure in digestive system
digestive tract —
mouth: breaks down food into smaller
esophagus: carries food to stomach
stomach: breaks down food further using acid or enzymes
small intestine: absorbs nutrients and large absorbs water
accessory organs –
liver: produces bile which breaks down fat in small intestine
pancreas: produces enzymes that help break down carbs, proteins and fats
gallbladder: stores and releases bile into small intestine
function of digestive
- break down food into nutrients body can use
disorders of digestive
- gastroesophageal relux disease (GERD): stomach acid goes back into esophagus causing heartburn
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): chronic inflammatory conditions that affect digestive tract
- irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): common digestive disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and changes in bowel habits
- peptic ulcers: sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum caused by infection wit hbacteria
muscular system
- movement and posture of human body
- more than 600 muscles
structure of muscular system
- skeletal muscles: attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement, striated (striped), controlled by NS
- smooth muscles: in walls of internal organs and blood vessels, nonstriated and controlled by ANS, involuntary movments
- cardiac muscles: heart, pump blood, striated but involuntarily controlled by specialized cells
function of muscular system
- skeletal muscles: contract and relax to move bones and joints, maintain posture and stability
- smooth muscles: involuntary movments, contraction of digestive, regulate BP and flow of blood
- cardiac: pump blood through the body
disorders of muscular
- muscular dystrophy: group of inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degernation in muscles
- myasthenia gravis: muscles become weak and fatigued due to breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles
- spasms and cramps: involuntary contractions caused by overuse, dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
- strains and sprains: injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments by overstretching or tearing
what is the framework for the human body?
skeletal system
what is the structure of the skeletal system?
- bones, cartliage, tendons and ligaments
- 206 bones in adult body
- ligaments: strong, fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone
- tendons: connect muscle to bone, hold bones together,
- carliage: connective tissue that covers end of bones and allow for smooth joint movement
- bone marrow: found in spongy tissue inside bones, produce RBCs, WBCs and platelets