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ANAPHY > THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE > Flashcards

THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific study of atomic composition and how they interact, combine and change.

A

CHEMISTRY

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2
Q

the study of chemical substances and processes that occur in living organisms including the human body

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

deals with substances NOT containing carbon.

A

Inorganic Chemistry

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4
Q

deals with the study of all carbon-containing substances.

A

Organic Chemistry

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5
Q

is anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid or gas.)

A

Matter

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6
Q

the amount of matter in an object.

A

Mass

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7
Q

is the gravitational force acting on an object.

A

Weight

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8
Q

the simplest form of matter (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.)

A

Element

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9
Q

is the smallest particle of an element (protons, electrons, and neutrons).

A

Atom

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10
Q

are two or more atoms CHEMICALLY COMBINED (proteins, nucleic acid, glucose)

A

Molecules

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11
Q

are combination of two or more different types of atoms.

A

Compounds

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12
Q

( positively charged ) which is located inside the nucleus

A

protons

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13
Q

( neutral charged ) located inside the nucleus

A

neutron

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14
Q

(negatively charged ), also located outside the

nucleus

A

electrons

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15
Q

is the number of proton in each atom.

A

Atomic Number

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16
Q

is the number of protons and neutron in each atom.

A

Mass Number

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17
Q

Atoms are attracted t o each other and interact with each other through sharing and exchanging of electrons.

A

Chemical Bonding

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18
Q

three types of chemical bonding

A

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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19
Q

a charged atom is formed due to donation or gain of an electron.

A

ionic

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20
Q

atom share one or more pairs of electrons.

A

covalent

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21
Q

How does polar covalent bonds form?

A

Polar covalent bonds form from unequal sharing of electrons.

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22
Q

asymmetrical electrical charge

A

Polar molecules

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23
Q

symmetrical electrical charge

A

Non - polar molecules

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24
Q

sharing of a positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule. This bond is weaker than ionic and covalent bonds

A

Hydrogen

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25
Q

Formation or Breaking of bonds between atoms, ions, molecules or compounds.

A

Chemical Reaction

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26
Q

are the substances that enter the reaction.

A

Reactants

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27
Q

are substances that result from the reaction.

A

Products

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28
Q

Types of Chemical Reaction:

A
  • Synthesis = form new substance out of the reactant
  • Exchange = exchange bet. atoms
  • Decomposition = you break down
  • Reversible = interchange the reactant and the product
  • Single replacement
  • Double replacement
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29
Q

The rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is influenced by several factors:

A
  • Concentration of the reactants
  • Temperature
  • Catalyst
  • Pressure
  • Surface Area
  • Size of the molecules
  • distance
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30
Q

(the higher the concentration, the faster the rate)

  • if the atom is compact, the reaction is slower
  • arrangement of atoms in reactants
A

Concentration of the reactants

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31
Q

Is temperature directly proportional to the rate of reaction? T OR F

32
Q

substances that increases the reaction rate being permanently changed or depleted.

33
Q
  • directly proportional

- application of force

34
Q
  • inversely proportional

- mas maliit ang surface, mas mabilis

A

Surface Area

35
Q

Is size of the molecules directly proportional to the rate of reaction? T OR F

A

False. It is inversely proportional.

36
Q

This mas also affect the rate of chemical reaction. Mas malayo, slower. Mas malapit, faster.
-inversely proportional

37
Q

The basic component of homeostasis in the human body.

A

Acids and Bases

38
Q

normal balance of acids and bases is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms involving _____, _____ and the _____

A

buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys.

39
Q

is defined as a proton donor.

40
Q

is defined as a proton acceptor

A

base (OH+)

41
Q

is a compound consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH−

42
Q

A solution which resist a changes in pH when a small amount of strong acid or a strong base is added to it.

A

Buffer solution

43
Q

Example of buffer

-universal buffer

44
Q

Important buffers in living systems are composed of _____, ______, ______, and ______.

A

bicar-bonate, phosphates, amino acids, and proteins.

45
Q

Is the capacity to do work.

46
Q

stored energy that could do work but is not doing it.

A

Potential Energy

47
Q

stored energy that could do work.

A

Kinetic Energy

48
Q

This theory states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can take on several forms. Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy and vice versa.

A

Energy Conservation

49
Q

type of energy that refers to position or movement of the object

A

Mechanical

50
Q

Type of energy that refers to potential energy stored in chemical bonds

51
Q

energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler object. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance.
-All other forms of energy can be converted into this energy

A

Heat energy

52
Q

Protein Organic molecules that act as catalyst and help initiate a biochemical reaction.
-increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to begin

53
Q

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

54
Q

deals with substances that do not contain carbon, or the lack of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

A

Inorganic Chemistry

55
Q

What are the several important inorganic substances that contain carbon but lack C—H bonds?
-their bonding capacity is weak

A

carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and bicarbon-ate ions (HCO3−)

56
Q

Water accounts for approximately ___ of the weight of a young adult female and__ of a young adult male.

57
Q

Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, is ____ water.

58
Q

➢ Stabilizing Body Temperature
➢ Protection
➢ Chemical Reactions
➢ Mixture
➢ (Solution, Solute, Solvent, Suspension, Colloids)
➢ Its ability to mix with other substances enables it to act as a medium for transport, moving substances from one part of the body to another.

59
Q

21% of the gas in the atmosphere is ____, and it is essential for most living organisms.
◦ is generated during photosynthesis by plants and many types of microbes.
◦ is required in the final step of reactions that extract energy from food molecules.

60
Q

is produced when organic molecules, such as glucose, are metabolized within the cells of the body.
◦ eliminated from the cell as a metabolic by-product, transferred to the lungs by the blood during respiration.
◦ Causes intoxication when allowed to accumulate within cells.

A

Carbon Dioxide

61
Q

organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large.

A

Carbohydrates

62
Q

Give the three types of carbohydrates

A

◦Monosaccharides (glucose/simpler sugars)
◦ Disaccharides (sucrose/table sugar (glucose and fructose)
◦ Polysaccharides (starch & cellulose) Long-chains of glucose

63
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy source for all organisms
  • structural molecule in many organisms
  • primary source or fuel for cellular respiration
  • used to store energy for SHORT period of time
  • synthesis of other small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids
64
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of>

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

65
Q

❖organic molecules that are relatively insoluble in water.
❖can be readily dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents, such as alcohol or acetone.
❖contain small amounts of other elements, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which can aid solubility in water

66
Q

major classes of lipids (5)

A

fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins.

67
Q

What are the functions of lipids? give at least three.

A
  • storage form of energy
  • supply essential fatty acids
  • structural components of CELL MEMBRANE
  • Electrical insulation
  • Protect body from cold
  • Mechanical protection of internal organs
  • Metabolic regulators
  • Help transport fat soluble vitamins
68
Q

Made up of chains
Main function: to produce enzyme
organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound together by covalent bonds.
❖contain small amounts of phosphorus, iron, and iodine.

69
Q

What is the basic building block of protein

A

❖The basic building blocks for proteins are the 20 amino acid molecules.

70
Q

What is the most common nucleic acid?

71
Q

Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

A

Nucleic Acids

72
Q

basic building blocks of DNA and RNA are called ___

A

nucleotides

73
Q

What is the meaning of DNA, its location, and function?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • inside nucleus
  • genetic instruction to make RNA
74
Q

What is the meaning of RNA , its location, and function?

A
  • ribonucleic Acid
  • in nucleus and cytoplasm
  • converts DNA instructions into proteins
75
Q

true of false

Endoplasmic reticulum has the presence of RNA

76
Q
  • is an especially important molecule for storing and providing energy in all living organisms.
  • consists of adenosine (the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine) and three phosphate groups
  • end product of respiration
A

Adenosine Triphosphate

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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