CYTOLOGY Flashcards
T or F. Cells are suspended
True
What do you call a fluid INSIDE the cell
intracellular fluid
What do you call a fluid OUTSIDE the cell
extracellular fluid
What are the functions of cells?
Metabolism and energy use
Molecular synthesis-cells produce molecules
Communication-signals from environment
Reproduction and carrier of Hereditary Traits
Protects the cells Semi permeable(selective) Dynamic (polymorphous) Rich with proteins and phospholipids For exchange of materials, supports the cell, protection, and communication Bounded by intra and extracelluar fluid Bilayer: Phospholipid and protein Highly polar-attracts electrical charges hydrophilic
Cell membrane
Means different kinds of shapes
responsible for being matibay
polymorphous
T or F and Explain.
All cells undergo production
F. Not all cells undergo reproduction e.g. nerve cells & neurons
Others cells are _ because they don’t have definite shape
amorphous
Its function is to equalize
Cell transport system
From greater to lesser concentration of molecules.
Solution (solute & solvent)-mixture
Concentration gradient (normal flow from greater to lesser)
No energy required (passive); active (requires energy).
The goal is equilibrium, equal distribution
Brownian movement is involved
DIFFUSION
T or F.
Going against the concentration gradient will have a slower rate
T
Also known as random movement
Brownian Movement
Diffusion of water From lower concentration to higher water concentration.
Osmosis
force required to prevent water movement across semi permeable membrane.
Happens inside the cell
Osmotic pressure
T or F
Greater concentration of solution means lesser osmotic pressure
F
no movement across the membrane
Isotonic
cell swells
Hypotonic
cell shrinks
Hypertonic
This is also a force required for osmosis
it happens outside the cell
Hydrostatic pressure
carrier mediated transport; involves molecules as carrier.
From greater concentration to lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
Does active and facillated requires energy?
Yes
Carrier mediated (form of facilitated diffusion)
From lower to higher concentration AGAINST concentration gradient
Requires energy – ATP
Active transport
Give example for an active transport?
Amino acid movement from small intestine into the blood; Na & K pump (nerve transmission)
Means cell eating
Phagocytosis
Means cell drinking
Pinocytosis
Large water soluble molecules transported across cell membrane VIA vesicles
Uptake of materials by cell
Endocytosis
ingestion of solid particles.
Phagocytosis
Give example for endocytosis
WBC engulfs bacteria
Release of materials from cells
Ex. Pancreatic secretion (digestive enzymes)
Ex. Mucus (salivary glands)
EXOCYTOSIS
carries genetic material.
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Nuclear pore ; nucleoli
NUCLEUS
How many chromosomes are there in nucleus?
23 pairs
DNA and proteins found in _____
chromatins
site of energy production (ATP)
Powerhouse of the cell
Found in the cytoplasm
Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria
GIVE 3 TYPES OF RNA
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
Site of protein synthesis
To synthesize amino acid/protein
RNA
Ribosomes
With ribosomes attached
Synthesis of proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes attached
Site of lipid synthesis
Detoxification of chemicals within the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Collects and packages proteins and lipids.
It is membranous
Golgi Apparatus
Intracellular digestion
Contains numerous digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Transports and stores materials within cell
Ex. Neurotransmitter, insulin,
Secretory Vesicles
internal framework of cell
Cytoskeleton
under cytoskeleton: involves in cell division
Microtubules
under cytoskeleton: for support and cell movement
Microfilaments
important in cell division(involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division)
CENTRIOLES
lines the respiratory tract
act a filtrating structures
it sways
cilia
sperm cell; for motility, swimming
FLAGELLA
increase surface area,
lining the intestine, kidney; for absorption
MICROVILLI
Formation of two daughter cells from single parent cell
Occurs in somatic cells
Each cell – 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes are diploid (double)
The same amount and type of DNA as parent cell
To replenish
Mitosis
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Modified form of Mitosis Occurs only in sex cells (gametes) 4 daughter cells produced Not identical to parent cell Chromosomes are haploid 23 pairs, 1 pair is X chromosome 22 pairs (autosomes – characteristic trait)
Meiosis
____ is the female ; __ is male (gender)
XX;XY
Responsible for characteristic trait
= are homologous pairs, which transfer genetic information from the parents to the offspring. Each pair of chromosome contains all the genes that are responsible for the existence of the life.
autosomes
Found in the chromosomes Double stranded helical structures Deoxyribonuleic acid Carries the genetic characteristics Contains amino acid and proteins Contains nucleotides
DNA
Three types of tumor cells
Benign
Malignant
Cancer cells
lungs and digestive system become clogged with thick, sticky mucus
Cyctic fibrosis
abnormal red blood cells that don’t carry oxygen normally
Sickle cell anemia
physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features.
Down syndrome/ Trisomy 21
basic unit of living organisms.
cell
=biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment, which protects the cell from its environment.
=consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
=the material enclosed by the cell membrane
= includes both the organelles and the liquid inside the cell.
Cytoplasm
large bubble, double-walled containing the cell’s genetic code.
Nucleus
The code is in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) located in strands called ____
chromatin.
the tiny nucleus is a small area within the nucleus for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleolus
continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm and serves multiple functions, being relevant, particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are the two subunits of endoplasmic reticulum?
ROUGH ER & SMOOTH ER
=are macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis
= link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains.
Ribosomes
is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.
Golgi Bodies, The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi
are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.
Mitochondria
Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest foreign particles and worn cell parts.
Lysosomes
microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta-tubulin that are part of a cell’s cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape and keeps its organelles in place
Microtubules
also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.
Microfilaments
=are organelles that serve as the main microtubule-organizing centers for animal cells.
Centrosomes
Centrosomes are made from an arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called ____ and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.
“centrioles,”
each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells. Increases the membrane’s surface for more efficient absorption.
Microvilli
are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used to propel a cell through the liquid (i.e., bacteria and sperm)
Flagella/Cilia
many organelles are tiny and can be seen only and examined with a more powerful microscope.
Microscopic Cell Specimen
is a technique for obtaining high-resolution images of biological and nonbiological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles, and macromolecular complexes
Interpreting Micrographs
is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid.
Transmission electron microscopy
=is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without the need for energy input.
Passive transport
is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
Active transport
=movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
=happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place.
=critical process for living things; it is how substances move in and out of cells.
DIFFUSION
the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
OSMOSIS
T or F
Osmosis is then a particular type of diffusion.
t
The solutions being compared have an equal concentration of solutes.
Isotonic
The solution with the higher concentration of solutes.
Hypertonic
The solution with the lower concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic
An ____ has the same solute concentration as the fluid inside a cell. A ____ has a lower solute concentration than the liquid inside a cell. A ____ has a higher solute concentration than the fluid inside a cell.
isotonic solution;hypotonic solution; hypertonic solution
The movement of particles across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure (down a hydrostatic pressure gradient) is called
Filtration
When blood cells are bathed in a solution that is isotonic to them, they remain unchanged (fig. 3.4). If a hypotonic solution is introduced, the cells experience an inflow of water and usually burst. Bursting of RBC caused by osmosis is known as ____. If a hypertonic solution is added, the cells lose water and shrivel. Shriveling that results from osmotic loss of water are known as _____. Hence, the concentration of injected material is critical to a patient’s survival.
hemolysis;crenation
in which the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities, and cell division, during which it reproduces itself.
Interphase
A more accurate name for interphase would be a ___
metabolic phase.
are circular patterns of an organism’s life histories. For example, the life cycle of a human includes conception, development, adulthood, reproduction, then fertilization, and so forth again for the offspring.
Life Cycles
The second event is a division of the cytoplasm called
cytokinesis
the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope and includes the G1, S, and G2 phases.
Interphase
Under interphase which the cell grows
G1
Under interphase which replicates its DNA
S
Under interphase which prepares for the mitosis
G2
what is prophase?
first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
=the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
what is metaphase
is a stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage. These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells.
what is anaphase
is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split, and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
what is telophase
is the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
=begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides or poles of the cell.
what is cytokinesis?
the division of the cytoplasm, usually begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase.
What is cell transport system
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active transport. Passive transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
