SKELETAL Flashcards
What are the functions of skeletal system?
Framework of the body Support and attachment Protection/enclosure Movement and locomotion (tendons,ligaments) Storage of minerals ◦ (ca, Phosporus) Production of blood cells.
How many bones do we have? (adult)
206 BONES
T or F
Babies have 300 bones but fused when developed
T
◦ Upper and lower extremities/appendages. ◦ For movement and locomotion
LONG BONES
Study that deals/specialize with bones
Orthopedic medicine
◦ Upper and lower extremities/appendages. ◦ For movement and locomotion
Long Bones
Give examples for long bones
Radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
◦ Wrists and ankle. ◦ Helps transfers force between long bones
Short Bones
Give examples for short bones
carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, metatarsal, phalanges
◦ Provides enclosure and barrier around soft organs. ◦ Skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Flat Bones
Give examples for flat bones
skull, breastbone/sternum, scapula
How many pairs of ribs?
12
How many pairs of ribs (TRUE)
Seven pairs
How many pairs of ribs (FALSE)
five
How many ribs (floating)
two pairs
Protection ◦ Allows bending and flexing ◦ vertebrae
`Irregular Bones ◦
=made up of cancellous
=pores
spongy bone
bone forming cells
Osteoblast
mature bone cells
Osteocytes –
=beginning to develop
=within the connective tissue membrane
=ossification centers
Intramembranous
Inside hyaline cartilage
Endochondral
T or F
Endochondral starts 4th,5th, 6th week (embryonic stage until it is delivered
T
formation of new bones from the embryonic hyaline cartilage.
OSSIFICATION
=process in which bone develops from preexisting hyaline cartilage
=begins around the 6th week of development and continues till about the mid twenties
=includes vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvis, and bones of the limbs
Endochondral Ossification
Laging may blood vessel to provide nourishment/development of blood vessels
Ossification Center
Outermost, covers the bone
=calcium develops here
Periosteum
T or F
Endochondral happens in medullary cavity
T
Dynamic structures Removal of existing bones by osteoclasts Deposition of new bones by osteoblasts For changes of bone shape Calcium ion regulation in body fluids Occurs at the epiphyseal plate To maintain normal blood calcium levels
Bone remodeling
This ruptures the old bones
osteoclast
T or F
Thyroid, endocrine gland also regulate Ca production
T
This engulfs bone cells (phagocytosis) that has been ruptured
Macrophage (in reversal stage)
= remodeling
=producing new bone cells
= minerilazation: Ca, Mg, P
Osteoblast
Stages in the repair of a broken bone:
1) the formation of hematoma at the break ◦
2) the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, ◦
3) the formation of a bony callus ◦
4) remodeling and addition of compact bone.
=mesh work of cotton-like fibers
=hardened connective tissue
Bony callus
Also means blood clot
Hematoma
T or F
Fibrocartilaginous is brought by protein fibrin
T
Totally dislocated (type of bone fracture)
Oblique displaced
twisted (type of bone fracture)
Spiral
at the lateral portion (type of bone fracture)
Greenstick
crushed (type of bone fracture)
Comminuted
Bones do not protrude out (Classification of bone fracture)
Closed
Bones are protruded out of the skin
=susceptible for infection
(Classification of bone fracture)
Open
Either open or close(Classification of bone fracture)
Complicated
mechanism by which the body maintains adequate blood calcium levels.
Calcium Homeostasis
T or F.
Calcium deficiency cannot lead to bone softening
F
It regulates calcium levels
Hormones
Give examples of hormones that are important for calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ◦ Vitamin D ◦ Calcitonin (reduces blood Ca level)
Synthesized in the liver, absorbed from the kidney
Vitamin D
Secreted by parathyroid gland
=Reduces blood Ca level
Calcitonin
T or F
The lower the blood Ca, parathyroid will increase PTH
t
What is the mechanism of Calcium Homeostasis
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
PTH stimulates kidney to take up calcium from urine returning it to the blood.
PTH stimulates VITAMIN D which increase calcium absorption from the intestine.
This type of skeleton gives framework
Axial skeleton
bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.
consists of 80 bones
composed of six parts; skull bones, Auditory ossicles, Facial bones, rib cage, Sternum, vertebral column
Axial skeleton
Fill in the blanks
◦ skull bones – \_\_ Auditory ossicles - \_\_ Facial bones - \_\_ ◦ rib cage – \_\_\_ ◦ Sternum – \_\_\_ ◦ vertebral column – \_\_\_
◦ skull bones – 22 ◦ Auditory ossicles - 6 ◦ Facial bones - 22 ◦ rib cage – 24 bones ◦ Sternum – 1 bone ◦ vertebral column – 26
=Neurocranium (braincase) =Facial/hyoid bones
Skull
Fill in the blanks
Neurocranium (braincase):__
Facial/hyoid bones:__
Neurocranium (braincase) – 8 bones Facial/hyoid bones – 14 bones
Give the parts of paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, Maxillary sinus
Give the parts of Vertebral Column
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, Coccyx
Fill in the blanks
Cervical:__, thoracic:___, lumbar:__, sacrum:___, Coccyx:___
Cervical:7, thoracic:12, lumbar:5, sacrum:5, Coccyx:4
This means hole
Foramen
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis.
Sacrum
arrangement of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae and sternum encloses and protects the heart and lungs Prevents collapse of thorax during respiration
Rib cage
Directly articulated to the vertebral column
True ribs (1-7)
Articulated to the cartilage
False ribs (8-12)
Just floating, not articulated
Floating ribs (11-12)
Making movement and locomotion
=shoulder girdle, arm and forearm, bones in the hands, pelvis bones bones in the legs
Appendicular skeleton
_ bones in the shoulder girdle ◦ clavicle ◦ scapula
_ bones in the arm and forearm
◦ (humerus, ulna, and radius)
_ bones in the hands ◦
(carpals _, metacarpals , phalanges _ and sesamoid)
_ pelvis bones.
_ bones in the legs ◦ (femur, tibia, patella, and fibula)
4 bones in the shoulder girdle ◦ clavicle ◦ scapula
6 bones in the arm and forearm
◦ (humerus, ulna, and radius)
58 bones in the hands ◦
(carpals 16, metacarpals 10, phalanges 28 and sesamoid 4)
2 pelvis bones.
8 bones in the legs ◦ (femur, tibia, patella, and fibula)
This connects the upper extrimities
Pectoral girdle
▪ subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine.
▪ composed of the appendicular hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
▪ oriented in a ring
▪ connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs.
▪ pelvic spine consists of the sacrum and coccyx.
Pelvic girdle & lower limb
It connects the pelvic girdle to the lower extremities
Acetabulum
areas where 2 or more bones meet Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move. consist of the following: Cartilage
Joints or aticulation
Give examples for fibrous little or no movement (Classification of joints)
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
Give examples for cartilaginous slight movement (Classification of joints)
synchondroses, symphses
Give examples for synovial free movable joints (Classification of joints)
plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid
▪ connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid ▪ most flexible type of joint between bones ▪ bones are not physically connected and can move more freely in relation to each other.
Structure of synovial joint
What are the effects of aging on skeletal and joints?
Decrease in bone matrix, collagen resulting to brittleness
Increase bone fracture
Decrease in calcium absorption
Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness
◦ Stoop posture
◦ Loss of teeth
➢Low bone mass & deterioration of bone tissue resulting to bone resorption, fragility and fractures. ➢Hormonal influence.
OSTEOPOROSIS
cylindrical bones that are longer than they are wide
Long bones –
are as long as they are wide
Short bones –
usually curved rather than flat. They arise when bone tissue invades and hardens the fibrous membrane.
Flat bones –
shapes are complex
Irregular bones-
a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet.
Sesamoid
band of dense regular connective tissue bundles made of collagenous fibers, with packets protected by dense irregular connective tissue sheaths. Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form joints.
Ligament
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Periosteum
smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Articular cartilage
the shaft or central part of a long bone
Diaphysis -
the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
Epiphysis -
the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known marrow cavity
Medullary Cavity
the thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.
Endosteum
is made up of spongy, porous, bone tissue that is filled with red bone marrow. It is found in the ends of long bones and the bones of the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull
Cancellous Bone
are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity. There are four paired sinuses – named according to the bone in which they are located – maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid. Each sinus is lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.
The paranasal sinuses
is a series of approximately 33 bones called vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral discs. The column can be divided into five different regions, with each region characterized by a different vertebral structure.
The vertebral column
is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side.
= responsible for providing structural support to your shoulder region on the left and right sides of your body
=They also allow for a broad range of motion, connecting muscles necessary for shoulder and arm movement.
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle
is formed by a single bone, the hip bone, or coxal bone (coxal = “hip”), which serves as the attachment point for each lower limb.
Each
The pelvic girdle (hip girdle)
=also known as a plane joint or planar joint, is a common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces.
= allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint — up and down, left and right, and diagonally.
Gliding joint
is a typical class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.
Hinge Joint
A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. Which permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Ellipsoid
a freely moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament.
Pivot
The saddle joint gets its name because the bone-forming one part of the joint is concave (turned inward) at one end and looks like a saddle. The other bone’s end is convex (turned outward), and looks like a rider in a saddle
Saddle
a natural or manufactured joint or couplings, such as the hip joint, in which a partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing multidirectional movement and rotation.
Ball and Socket
