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ANAPHY > HUMAN ORGANISM > Flashcards

HUMAN ORGANISM Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of the function of the human body

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3
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

Changes that occur between conception and adulthood

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4
Q

conception to the end of the eight week of development

A

Embryology

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5
Q

study of the cells

A

Cytology

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6
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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7
Q
  • without the aid of microscope

* can be studied regionally or systematically

A

Gross Anatomy

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8
Q

Structural group with one or more common function

A

System

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9
Q

Involves looking at the exterior of the body

A

Surface Anatomy

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10
Q

Uses X-ray ultrasound, magnetic resonance

A

Anatomical Imaging

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11
Q

Who is the first scientist to use x-ray?1895

A

Wilham Roentgen

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12
Q

Physical properties differ from the normal pattern

A

Anatomical anomalies

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13
Q

It is a syndrome in which certain blood vessels are not attached in their correct location. Blood not effectively pumped to the lung. Does not receive adequate oxygen.

A

Blue Baby Syndrome

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14
Q

Examines processes occurring in the cells

A

Cell physiology

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15
Q

Considers the functions of organ systems

A

Systemic Physiology

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16
Q

Focuses on the functions of nervous system

A

Neurophysiology

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17
Q

Deals with the functions of heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular physiology

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18
Q

The medical science that deals with all aspects of diseases.

A

Pathology

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19
Q

Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

A

Exercise Physiology

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20
Q
  • extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation

* exposing a photographic plate to form a RADIOGRAPH

A

X-ray

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21
Q
  • Developed in the early 1950s from World War II
  • Uses HIGH-FREQUENCE SOUND WAVES, emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin
  • visualizes sonogram image
  • Can capture real-time elements
A

Ultrasound

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22
Q
  • DEVELOPED IN 1972
  • Originally called COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHIC
  • low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360 degree arc around the patient
  • image of “A SLICE”
A

Computed Tomographic (CT) scans)

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23
Q
  • 3D radiographic image of an organ
  • radiopaque dye
  • ANGIOPLASTY is performed here
A

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

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24
Q

Tiny balloon to unclog artery

A

Angioplasty

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25
Q
  • Inside a large magnetic field
  • water
  • Alignment of hydrogen atom proton is most important to this imaging
  • very sensitive in detecting some forms of cancer
A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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26
Q
  • Metabollic state of various tissue
  • positively charged subatomic particles called “POSITRON” are emmited
  • pinpoint the metabolically active cells
A

Positron Emission Tomography

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27
Q

What are the ten levels of organization of the body and its characteristics

A

Subatomic particles - electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom- Hydrogen, lithium, atom
Molecule- water, glucose
Macromolecule- Protein, DNA
Organelle- organs inside the cell
Cell- muscle cell, etc
Tissue-epithelia, connective, muscle, and nerve
Organ- skin, femur, heart, kidney etc.
Organ system - skeletal system, digestive system, etc
Organism- human

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28
Q

What are the six levels of organization of the body and its characteristics?

A

Chemical level- interaction bet. atoms
Cell level- basic structural and functional unit of plants
Tissue level- Group of similar cells
Organ level- composed of two or more tissue
Organ system level- group of organs
Organism- any living things considered as a whole

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29
Q

Give the 10 characteristics of life and its function

A
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Respiration
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Circulation
  • Assimilation
  • Excretion
  • Life Cycle
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30
Q

Change in position; motion

A

Movement

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31
Q

Reaction to change

A

Responsiveness/Irritability

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32
Q

Increase in body size; no change in shape

A

Growth

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33
Q

Production of new organisms and new cells

A

Reproduction

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34
Q

Obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

A

Respiration

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35
Q

Breaking down of food substances into simpler forms

A

Digestion

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36
Q

Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluid

A

Absorption

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37
Q

Movement of substances in body fluids

A

Circulation

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38
Q

Changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

A

Assimilation

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39
Q

Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

A

Excretion

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40
Q

Changes an organism undergoes through time

A

Development

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41
Q

Involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature

A

Differentiation

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42
Q

Change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

A

Morphogenesis

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43
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

A

Integumentary System

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44
Q

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

A

Skeletal system

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45
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

A

Skeletal system

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46
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissues fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

A

Lymphatic System

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47
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulated blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

A

Respiratory system

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48
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

A

Digestive System

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49
Q

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

A

Nervous System

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50
Q

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

A

Endocrine System

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51
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

A

Cardiovascular System

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52
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

A

Urinary System

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53
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

A

Female Reproductive System

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54
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

A

Male Reproductive System

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55
Q

Greek physician who observed on rats. He described that liver has 4 lobes

A

Cladius Galen

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56
Q

who is considered the first modern anatomist, carefully examined human cadavers and began to correct the textbooks.

A

Andreas Vesalius

57
Q

What are the five maintenance of life?

A
  • Water
  • Food
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
  • Pressure
58
Q
  • most abundant substance in body (2/3 75%)
  • required for metabolic processes
  • required for transport of substances
  • regulates body temperature
A

WATER

59
Q
  • provides necessary nutrients
  • supplies energy
  • supplies raw materials
A

FOOD

60
Q
  • one-fifth of air
  • used to release energy from nutrients
  • catalyst
  • for combustion
A

OXYGEN

61
Q
  • form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

A

HEAT

62
Q
  • application of force on an object
A

PRESSURE

63
Q

Pressure that is important for breathing

A

Atmospheric pressure

64
Q

It keeps the blood flowing

A

hydrostatic pressure

65
Q

is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

A

Homeostasis

66
Q

Our average body temperature is ___ degrees Fahrenheit.

A

98.6

67
Q

monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.

A

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

68
Q
  • provides information about the stimuli

- monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature

A

Receptor

69
Q
  • tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
  • such as part of the brain, which establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and effectors
A

Control Center

70
Q
  • elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
  • such as sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable, usually back toward the set point.
A

Effector

71
Q

Two types of feedback mechanism

A
  • Negative feedback mechanisms

* Positive feedback mechanisms

72
Q

any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

• Negative feedback mechanisms

73
Q
  • Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
  • Corrects the set point
  • Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the „negative‟
  • Most common type of feedback loop
  • Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
A

• Negative feedback mechanisms

74
Q

occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

A

• Positive feedback mechanisms

75
Q
  • Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
  • short-lived
  • do not require continuous adjustments
  • Examples: blood clotting and child birth
A

• Positive feedback mechanisms

76
Q

Why is changed variable is a stimulus?

A

because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.

77
Q

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

A

Anatomical Position

78
Q

A person is supine when lying face _____

A

upward

79
Q

prone when lying face ______

A

downward

80
Q

Up is replaced by ____

A

superior

81
Q

Down by ___

A

inferior

82
Q

front by ____

A

anterior

83
Q

back by _____

A

posterior

84
Q

In humans, the term superior is interchangeable with the term ______

A

cephalic

85
Q

the term inferior is interchangeable with the term ____

A

caudal

86
Q

anterior = ___

A

ventral

87
Q

posterior = ___

A

dorsal

88
Q

____ means “nearest”

A

Proximal

89
Q

_____ means “distant.”

A

distal

90
Q

_____ means “toward the midline,”

A

Medial

91
Q

____ means “away from the midline.”

A

Lateral

92
Q

The nose is in a _____ position in the face, and the eyes are ____ to the nose.

A

medial ; lateral

93
Q

describes a structure close to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

94
Q

toward the interior of the body.

A

Deep

95
Q

The central region of the body consists of the ____, ____, and ___.

A

head, neck, and trunk.

96
Q

The trunk can be divided into the ____, ____, and ____.

A

thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.

97
Q

the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.

A

thorax

98
Q

The abdomen contains organs such as the ____, ____, and ____.

A

liver, stomach, and intestines.

99
Q

The pelvis contains the _____ and _____

A

bladder and reproductive organs.

100
Q

The upper limb is divided into the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

101
Q

The arm extends from the ____ to the _____

A

shoulder ; elbow

102
Q

the forearm extends from the _____ to the ____

A

elbow ; wrist

103
Q

The lower limb is divided into the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

104
Q

The thigh extends from the ___ to the ___,

A

hip ; knee

105
Q

the leg extends from the ___ to the ___

A

knee ; ankle

106
Q

HEAD ANTERIOR VIEW (7)

A

frontal, orbital, nasal, ora, buccal, otic, mental

107
Q

neck (anterior)

A

cervical

108
Q

TRUNK ANTERIOR VIEW (8)

A

pectoral, sternal, mammary, abdominal, umbilical, pelvic, inguinal, pubic

109
Q

UPPER LIMB ANTERIOR VIEW

A

clavicular, axillary, brachial, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, digital

110
Q

LOWER LIMB ANTERIOR VIEW

A

coxal,femoral,patellar,crural, talus, dorsum, digital

111
Q

CRANIAL POSTERIOR VIEW

A

occipital, nuchal

112
Q

TRUNK POSTERIOR

A

{dorsal: scapular, vertebral, lumbar} sacral, gluteal, perineal

113
Q

UPPER LIMB POSTERIOR

A

Acromial, olecranon, dorsum

114
Q

LOWER LIMB POSTERIOR

A

popliteal, sural, plantar, calcaneal

115
Q

NINE REGIONS OF ABDOMINOPELVIC

A

left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left and right lumbar region, umbilical region, right and left iliac region, hypogastric region

116
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

liver, gallbladder, kidney, right transverse colon, upper ascending colon, right abdominal organs

117
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Appendix, lower ascending colon, right pelvic organs

118
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

stomach, spleen, left transverse colon, upper descending colon

119
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

lower descending colon, left pelvic organs

120
Q

divides body into left and right portions

A

Sagittal or Median

121
Q

divides body into equal left and right portions

A

Mid-sagittal

122
Q

divides body into unequal left and right portions

A

Para-sagittal

123
Q

describe the body as having imaginary flat surfaces

A

Planes

124
Q

divides body into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse or Horizontal

125
Q

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

A

Coronal or Frontal

126
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a middle section called the ______

A

mediastinum

127
Q

abdominal cavity, which contains the ____, the ____, the ____, the ____, the ____, and the ____.

A

stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.

128
Q

Pelvic bones encase the small space known as the pelvic cavity, where the ____, part of the ____, and the ____ are housed.

A

urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

129
Q

covers an organ

A

Visceral layer

130
Q

lines a cavity or body wall

A

Parietal layer

131
Q

Thoracic Membranes?

A
  • Visceral pleura
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
132
Q

Abdominopelvic Membranes

A
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Visceral peritoneum
  • Parietal perineum
  • Visceral perineum
133
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

specialized membrane of abdominopelvic cavity, anchor the organ and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs

134
Q

Mediastinum contains?

A

heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves

135
Q

Parietal Peritoneum (retroperitoneal) ?

A

kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, urinary bladder

136
Q

is inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

137
Q

is inflammation of the pleura,

A

pleurisy

138
Q

is inflammation of the peritoneum.

A

peritonitis

139
Q

line the trunk cavities and covers the organs

A

serous membrane

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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