NERVOUS Flashcards
What are the function s of nervous system?
“communication center” of the body Receiving sensory signals Integration of information Controls muscular & glandular activities Regulates and maintains homeostasis Establishment & maintenance of mental activities
What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?
Neurons and Neuroglia
Name the division of the nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
Communicate with other cells using electrical and chemical signals
Neurons
Support and insulate the neurons; FAR more abundant than neurons. Does not conduct impulses. Abundant in CNS than PNS
Neuroglia
➢Receives stimuli ➢Conducts action potential ➢Transmits signals to other neurons
Neuron`
What are the 3 types of neurons?
Motor, sensory, interneuron
Connects to a muscle or gland (type of neuron)
Motor/Effector
Receives a stimulus (type of neuron)
Sensory
Connects the motor and sensory (type of neuron)
Interneuron
4 different kinds of neurons
Unipolar Bipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar
surround neurons provide support and insulation between them most abundant cell types in CNS.
Glial Cells
Types of glial cells:
o oligodendrocyte o astrocytes o ependymal cells o Schwann cells, o Microglia o satellite cells.
All cells have a negatively charged inside compared to their outside
= Charge difference across the cell membrane
Resting membrane potential
T or F
Without action potential, there would be no stimulus
T
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
ACTION POTENTIAL
Na+ outside ; K+ inside Channels closed
Resting potential
Some Na+ opens ; Na+ enters If threshold is passed they all open
Stimulus/threshold
Na+ channels open; Na+ enters ; cell becomes positive Chain reaction of Na+ channels opening the axon
Depolarization
Na+ gates close ; K+ gates open K+ moves out & the cell becomes negative.
Repolarization
=protects and insulates axons from one another, speeds transmission, functions in repair of axons.
=not continuous
=nodes of ranvier
=completion of development of myelin sheaths at 1 yr.
=degeneration of myelin sheaths occurs in multiple sclerosis and some cases of diabetes mellitus
Myelinated Axons
In depressions of Schwann cells or oligoden-drocytes
Not wrapped around the axon; gray matter
Unmyelinated axons
Serves as a means of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential
Saltatory Conduction
also called neuronal junction the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). Presynaptic terminal Postsynaptic membrane also called neuronal junction the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). Presynaptic terminal Postsynaptic membrane
Synapse
Excitatory:__
Inhibitory:__
Excitatory: Enhances
Inhibitory: Slow/stop
related to learning and memory (neurotransmitter)
Acetylcholine ACh
-drug stimulant
-uppers
-makes you active
(neurotransmitter)
Dopamine DA
=Hormone produced by the gland
=sedative tranquilizers
(neurotransmitter)
Norepinephrine NE
=Anti depressant
(neurotransmitter)
Serotonin 5HT
=Learning (neurotransmitter)
Glutamate GLU
DRUGS ANTIDEPRESSEANT (neurotransmitter)
gaba GABA
Endogenous Opioids is also known as?
Endrophins, enkephalins
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Acetylcholine
Learning and memory; Alzheimer’s disease’ muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Dopamine
Reward circuits; motor circuits involved in parkinson’s disease; schizophrenia
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Norepinephrine
Arousal; depression
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Serotonin
Depression; aggression; schizophrenia
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
Glutamate
Learning; major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
GABA
Anxiety disorders; EPILEPSY; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
Indigenous opioids
Pain; analgesia; reward
Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus transmitted to CNS. Neuronal pathway where reflex occurs Basic functional unit of NS since it is the simplest pathway capable of receiving stimulus producing immediate response Mostly occur in the spinal cord
Reflexes
What are the components of reflexes?
◦ Sensory receptor ◦ Sensory neuron ◦ interneurons motor neuron effector organ
◦ Brain (cranium) ◦ Spinal cord (vertebral column)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
◦ Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS ◦ Collects information from numerous sources both inside & outside of the body ◦ Relays it through sensory neurons to CNS where information is either ignored , triggered reflex or evaluated . ◦ Motor neurons relay information from the CNS to effector/s (muscles or glands) to regulate activities ◦ 12 pairs of cranial nerves ◦ 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)