NERVOUS Flashcards
What are the function s of nervous system?
“communication center” of the body Receiving sensory signals Integration of information Controls muscular & glandular activities Regulates and maintains homeostasis Establishment & maintenance of mental activities
What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?
Neurons and Neuroglia
Name the division of the nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
Communicate with other cells using electrical and chemical signals
Neurons
Support and insulate the neurons; FAR more abundant than neurons. Does not conduct impulses. Abundant in CNS than PNS
Neuroglia
➢Receives stimuli ➢Conducts action potential ➢Transmits signals to other neurons
Neuron`
What are the 3 types of neurons?
Motor, sensory, interneuron
Connects to a muscle or gland (type of neuron)
Motor/Effector
Receives a stimulus (type of neuron)
Sensory
Connects the motor and sensory (type of neuron)
Interneuron
4 different kinds of neurons
Unipolar Bipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar
surround neurons provide support and insulation between them most abundant cell types in CNS.
Glial Cells
Types of glial cells:
o oligodendrocyte o astrocytes o ependymal cells o Schwann cells, o Microglia o satellite cells.
All cells have a negatively charged inside compared to their outside
= Charge difference across the cell membrane
Resting membrane potential
T or F
Without action potential, there would be no stimulus
T
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
ACTION POTENTIAL
Na+ outside ; K+ inside Channels closed
Resting potential
Some Na+ opens ; Na+ enters If threshold is passed they all open
Stimulus/threshold
Na+ channels open; Na+ enters ; cell becomes positive Chain reaction of Na+ channels opening the axon
Depolarization
Na+ gates close ; K+ gates open K+ moves out & the cell becomes negative.
Repolarization
=protects and insulates axons from one another, speeds transmission, functions in repair of axons.
=not continuous
=nodes of ranvier
=completion of development of myelin sheaths at 1 yr.
=degeneration of myelin sheaths occurs in multiple sclerosis and some cases of diabetes mellitus
Myelinated Axons
In depressions of Schwann cells or oligoden-drocytes
Not wrapped around the axon; gray matter
Unmyelinated axons
Serves as a means of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential
Saltatory Conduction
also called neuronal junction the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). Presynaptic terminal Postsynaptic membrane also called neuronal junction the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). Presynaptic terminal Postsynaptic membrane
Synapse
Excitatory:__
Inhibitory:__
Excitatory: Enhances
Inhibitory: Slow/stop
related to learning and memory (neurotransmitter)
Acetylcholine ACh
-drug stimulant
-uppers
-makes you active
(neurotransmitter)
Dopamine DA
=Hormone produced by the gland
=sedative tranquilizers
(neurotransmitter)
Norepinephrine NE
=Anti depressant
(neurotransmitter)
Serotonin 5HT
=Learning (neurotransmitter)
Glutamate GLU
DRUGS ANTIDEPRESSEANT (neurotransmitter)
gaba GABA
Endogenous Opioids is also known as?
Endrophins, enkephalins
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Acetylcholine
Learning and memory; Alzheimer’s disease’ muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Dopamine
Reward circuits; motor circuits involved in parkinson’s disease; schizophrenia
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Norepinephrine
Arousal; depression
What are the behaviors or diseases related to Serotonin
Depression; aggression; schizophrenia
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
Glutamate
Learning; major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
GABA
Anxiety disorders; EPILEPSY; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
What are the behaviors or diseases related to
Indigenous opioids
Pain; analgesia; reward
Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus transmitted to CNS. Neuronal pathway where reflex occurs Basic functional unit of NS since it is the simplest pathway capable of receiving stimulus producing immediate response Mostly occur in the spinal cord
Reflexes
What are the components of reflexes?
◦ Sensory receptor ◦ Sensory neuron ◦ interneurons motor neuron effector organ
◦ Brain (cranium) ◦ Spinal cord (vertebral column)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
◦ Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS ◦ Collects information from numerous sources both inside & outside of the body ◦ Relays it through sensory neurons to CNS where information is either ignored , triggered reflex or evaluated . ◦ Motor neurons relay information from the CNS to effector/s (muscles or glands) to regulate activities ◦ 12 pairs of cranial nerves ◦ 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
◦ sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, lying just below the kneecap.
Knee Jerk Reflex (Patellar Reflex)
◦ Remove a limb or other body part from painful stimulus (pain receptors)
Withdrawal Reflex (Flexor Reflex)
originate in the spinal cord and form part of the peripheral nervous system mixed nerve is one which transmits motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
Spinal nerves
What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
◦ Cervical (C1 – C8) ◦ Thoracic (T1 – T12) ◦ Lumbar (L1 – L5) ◦ Sacral (S1 – S5) ◦ Coccygeal
➢ act as “telephone lines,” carrying messages back and forth between your body and spinal cord to control sensation and movement. ➢ Each spinal nerve has two roots The ventral (front) root carries motor impulses from the brain and the dorsal (back) root carries sensory impulses to the brain
Spinal nerve
(branching network) of intersecting nerves.
Flexus
serves the head, neck and shoulders.
Cervical plexus
- serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands.
Brachial plexus
- serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves.
Lumbar plexus
serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet.
Sacral plexus -
Connects the spinal cord to the brain ◦ Controls heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
Brainstem ◦
▪ Regulation of heart rate ▪ Blood vessel diameter ▪ Breathing, swallowing ▪ Vomiting, coughing, sneezing ▪ Balance & coordination
Medulla Oblongata
Breathing, swallowing and balance
PONS
▪ movements of the eye ▪ auditory and visual processing.
MIDBRAIN/Mesencephalon
▪ regulates motor movements. ▪ coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech.
Cerebellum
▪ relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex ▪ regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
THALAMUS
▪ Emotional and visceral response to odors
Epithalamus
▪ Hormonal secretion (GH, GoH ▪ Thermoregulation
Hypothalamus
T or F
Brain can interpret 51,000 of odors
False. Only 50, 000
is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres . interpretation of touch, vision and hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and control of movement.
Cerebrum
(LOBES OF CEREBRUM)
▪ controls emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. ▪ “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate
Frontal
(LOBES OF CEREBRUM)
Center for receiving and perceiving most sensory information like touch, pain, temperature & balance
Parietal
(LOBES OF CEREBRUM)
Interpretation of visual input
Occipital
(LOBES OF CEREBRUM)
▪ Involved in olfaction (smell) ▪ auditory (hearing) sensations ▪ Plays a role in memory
Temporal
of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics.
left hemisphere
coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts.
right hemisphere
test used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain . tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small metal discs with thin wires (electrodes) are placed on the scalp, and then send signals to a computer to record the results.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action
Memory
Types of long term memory
Declarative
=Information stored in the brain that can be recalled
=vivid
Explicit Memory (Declarative memory)
=Automatic
=Muscle memory
=We do it repeatedly
Implicit memory (procedural memory)
(MEMORY)
=Facts, Concepts
Semantic memory
(MEMORY)
=recollection of personal experiences
=where, when, what, with whom
Episodic memory
(MEMORY)
=self
=personal info
Autobiographical memory
(MEMORY) =Something that you saw =photographic memory =not legal evidence in the court =visual engagement of the information
Visual Memory
The main parts of the brain involved with memory:
➢ amygdala, ➢ hippocampus, ➢ cerebellum, ➢ prefrontal cortex
involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex. operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. Responds to olfactory stimulation (hunger, thirst)
The limbic system
Disorder of Limbic system:
voracious eating, increased sexual activity, loss of normal fear and anger.
Are the membrane covering the spinal cord and the brain
Meninges
The meninges consist of three membranes
the dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
These structures are responsible for the production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid, which bathes the CNS.
Ventricles of the brain
clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Function of CSF
◦ CSF cushions the brain within the skull ◦ serve as a shock absorber for the CNS ◦ circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood. ◦ removes waste products from the brain.
excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up within the ventricles (fluidcontaining cavities) of the brain and may increase pressure within the head.
Hydrocephalus
What are the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory I, Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI, Vestibulocochlear VIII, Hypoglossal XII, Accessory XI, Optic II, Trigeminal V, Facial VII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X
Carries action potential from the CNS to PNS Present in smooth muscle, cardiac & glands Controlled unconsciously (involuntary) regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
Autonomic nervous system
Control only by themselves
Autonomy
Divisions of ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
body under physical activity
Sympathetic
body at rest
Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter involved in muscular activities sensation of pain, learning and memory formation the regulation of the endocrine system rapid eye movement (REM) sleep cycles.
Acetylcholine
has slightly more effect on heart, (ANS NEUROTRANSMITTER)
epinephrine
has more of an effect on your blood vessels (ANS NEUROTRANSMITTER)
norepinephrine
sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain
Stroke
caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain
( ischemic stroke )
bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts
( hemorrhagic stroke )
Symptoms of stroke
◦ numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg (one side of the body). ◦ trouble speaking or understanding speech. ◦ vision problems in one or both eyes. ◦ difficulty walking or dizziness, loss of balance or problems with coordination. ◦ Severe headache with no known cause.
What are the effects of aging on the nervous system?
Loss of brain weight and loss of neurons, often an altered sleep/wakefulness ratio, Decrease ability to regulate body temperature, Decrease in the velocity of nerve impulses, Blood supply to the spinal cord is decrease resulting in decreased reflexes
Normal changes are not the same as senility, organic brain disease, or Alzheimer’s disease
= highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
=detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events
Nervous System
A reflex action often involves a very simple nervous pathway called a reflex arc. A reflex arc starts with receptors being excited. They then send signals along a sensory neuron to your spinal cord, where the signals are passed on to a motor neuron. As a result, one of your muscles or glands is stimulated.
NERVES and REFLEXES
=basic working unit of the brain
=a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.
=are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.
Neurons
Receives stimuli Conducts action potential Transmits signals to other neurons
NEURON
are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.
= they are not able to transmit nerve impulses, a function that is highly developed in neurons.
GLIAL CELLS
T or F
neuroglia never lose their ability to divide, whereas most neurons do.
T
