HISTOLOGY Flashcards
What are the four types of tissues?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
What are the seven classifications of epithelial tissue?
Simple squamus, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Covers & protects surfaces Support and attachment Movement and locomotion Transport of materials (blood tissue) Secretion Absorption
single layer • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar
simple
multi layer • squamous • keratinized • cuboidal • Columnar
stratified
columnar(illusion)
Pseudostratified
cuboidal to clumnar
Transitional
This is a type of epithelium tissue that can mostly be found in the epidermis, lining/walls intestine, and respiratory tract
Simple
What is the description and function of simple squamous?
Flat/scale-like and its responsible for diffusion, osmosis, and gas exchange.
this is where the simple squamus is located
Alveolar walls, capillaries
What is the description and function of simple cuboidal?
cube-like. Secretion and absorption
this is where the simple cuboidal is located
Walls of respiratory system
What is the description and function of simple columnar?
It’s tall and thin. It is responsible for absorption and secretion
this is where the simple columnar is located
lining of digestive system
What is the description and function of stratified squamous?
It is several layers of flattened cells. it can be keratinized or non keratinized. Its function is protection deals with friction
this is where the stratified squamous is located
Epidermis, mouth throat, esophagus
What is the function of stratified cuboidal?
secretion, absorption
this is where the stratified cuboidal is located
Kidney, tubules, thyroid glands
What is the function of stratified columnar?
It it for protection
this is where the stratified columnar is located
epiglottis
What is the description and function of pseudostratified?
Tall, thin ciliated. Responsible for mucus secretion
this is where the pseudostratified is located
Nasal cavity, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
What is the description and function of transitional?
The shape of the cell is stratified cuboidal. It is cuboidal if it’s not stretched. It is squamous when stretched. It controls volume of fluid
this is where the transitional is located
Urinary bladder, ureter, urethra`
Secretory organs
Epithelial in nature
Glands
type of gland that has ducts and can be found in lining of the stomach
Exocrine glands
type of gland that has no ducts and can be found in the endocrine system. Responsible for secretion of hormones
Endocrine glands
Producing and releasing secretions
Glandular Epithelium
3 Main Types of glandular epithelium
Merocrine (Ex. Salivary glands)
◦ Apocrine (mammary glands)
◦ Holocrine (Sebaceous glands
Give exocrine gland types (simple)
tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, branched alveolar
Give exocrine gland types (compound)
tubular and alveolar
give endocrine gland types
pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes
Give the function of connective tissue
= Enclosure and separation of structures
❖ support and movement
❖ Storage of compounds (fats)
❖ Cushion(shock absorber) and insulation (thermoregulation)
❖ Transport of materials
❖ Protecting (the immune system)
When did connective tissue begins?
It begins embryonic stage (3rd-4th week)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
Fibroblasts (fibrin, rebind, renew) ❑ Fibrocytes ❑Osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts ❑Chondroblasts, chondrocytes ❑ macrophages (“large eaters”) ❑ Mast cells (secrete histamine, heparin) ❑ Lymphocytes (making antibodies) ❑ Adipocytes (adipose tissue) ❑ Melanocytes (skin pigmentation)
It is a cell of connective tissue that is responsible for bone development
osteoclasts
White blood cells is consideres as ___
macrophages
Primitive cells to develop cartilage
Chondrocytes (cartilage)
responsible for repairing damage or wound
fibrin
fat cells deposited to skin
adipocytes
A bundle of protein units that are slightly flexible , but very strong, typically arranged in one direction. ➢Ex. tendons
Collagen fibers
➢Bundle of protein units that are VERY FLEXIBLE ➢Still strong
➢Ex. Intervertebral disc, joints
multi-directional
Elastic Fibers
➢same subunits as collagen but not in one direction
➢Ex. liver
Reticular fibers
Give the four classification of connective tissue
=Loose
=Dense
=Supporting connective tissue
=Fluid connective tissue
Classification of connective tissue that has (fewer fibers more matrix)
Loose
Areolar ; ____
❑Adipose :____
❑Reticular : ____
Areolar – bone cells ❑Adipose – dermis of skin ❑Reticular – lymphatic tissue
Classification of connective tissue that has (more fibers, less matrix, ground substance)
Dense
these are under dense connective tissue
regular collagenous
❑ regular elastic
❑Irregular collagenous ❑Irregular elastic
It is a classification of connective tissue responsible for attachment and movement.
Supporting Connective Tissue
give types of cartilage
❑Hyaline ❑Fibrocartilage ❑Elastic
give types of bone
=Spongy
= Compact
Under this classification of connective is blood and has a hematopoietic function. It has more fibers, less ground substance
Fluid Connective Tissue
What is the fluid portion of blood?
plasma
It is the ability to produce blood cells
e.g. bone marrow
hematopoietic function
T or F
Adipose can also be found in mamary
T
T or F
Fibrocartilage is not present in the intervertebral disc
F
T or F
You can find areolar in the dermis area
T
Give the function of Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Support and nourishment
Give the location of Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Glands, muscles, nerves
Give the function of Loose Adipose Connective tissue
Thermal insulator • Energy storage
Give the location of Loose Adipose Connective tissue
Subcutaneous areas, mesenteries
Give the function of Loose Reticular Connective tissue
Provides attachment for lymphatic tissues
Give the location of Loose Reticular Connective tissue
Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Give the function of Dense Regular Collagenous Connective tissue
Withstand great pulling forces due to tension strength & stretch resistance
Give the location of Dense Regular Collagenous Connective tissue
=Tendons, •
=ligaments,
• dermis,
• organ capsule
Give the function of Dense Regular Elastic Connective tissue
Stretching & recoiling like rubber band in the direction of fiber orientation
Give the location of Dense Regular Elastic Connective tissue
Elastic ligaments
▪ Vertebrae
▪ Vocal cords
▪ Blood vessel
It is a type of cartilage that has semi solid matrix
hyaline
Give the function of hyaline
Bone growth ▪ Rigidity ▪ Articulation ▪ Strong support ▪ flexibility
Give the location of hyaline
▪ Long Bones, cartilage, joints ligaments
▪ Embryonic skeleton
It is a type of cartilage that has more collagen
Fibrocartilage
Give the function of fibrocartilage
▪ Withstands compression
▪ Resists pulling or tearing forces
Give the location of fibrocartilage
▪ Intervertebral disc
▪ knees
It is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fiber
elastic
Give the function of elastic cartilage
Ability to recoil to original shape when bent.
Give the location of elastic cartilage
External ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
It is a type of bone that has solid matrix mineralized
Spongy
Give the function of spongy bone
Strength ▪ Rigidity ▪ Support ▪ Protection ▪ movement
Give the location of spongy and compact bones
All bones of the body
It is a type of bone that is more solid;mineralized
Compact Bone
Give the function of compact bone
Attachment for muscles & ligaments
▪ movement
Give the function of blood
Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste products
▪ Protection against infection ▪ thermoregulation
Give the location of blood
Within blood vessels, WBC
Two types of Hematopoietic tissue
Red marrow and yellow marrow
Give the function of Hematopoietic tissue
Production of blood cells & platelets ▪ Produces fats, cartilage & bones
Give the location of Hematopoietic tissue
Bone marrow
What are the functions of muscle tissue
Contraction & relaxation
➢ Movement and locomotion
➢ Attachment and connection to bones
➢ Leverage and balance
TYPES of Muscle Tissue
❑ Skeletal
❑ Cardiac
❑ Smooth
What is the structure of skeletal muscle
- Striated
- Multinucleated
- Cells – long and cylindrical
What is the function of skeletal muscle
Voluntary movement
What is the location of skeletal muscle
Attached to bones, ligaments
tendons
What is the structure of cardiac muscle
- Striated
- Cylindrical
- Single nucleus
- branched
What is the function of cardiac muscle
- Involuntary control
* Pumps the blood
What is the location of cardiac muscle
heart
• Non-striated • Tapered at the end • mononucleated
Smooth muscle
What is the function of smooth muscle
- Involuntary
- Regulates organ size
- Goosebumps
- Controls amount light entering the eye
What is the location of smooth muscle
▪ Stomach, intestines skin, eyes
move or stabilize the position of the skeleton; guard entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generate heat; and protect internal organs
Skeletal muscles
Moves blood and maintains blood pressure
Cardiac muscle
It moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels
Smooth muscle
Forms brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Nervous Tissue
What are the functions of nervous tissue
➢ coordination/control of body activities
➢ reception of stimuli
➢Transmission of electrical nerve impulses to and from the brain
➢Integration and communication
➢Stores information
(parts of Neuron) Site of general cell functions
Cell body
➢ Receptor of stimuli
➢ Action Potential (electrical signals)
➢ Sending of information down the axon
Dendrites
▪ Transmits
▪ Integrates
▪ evaluates data
▪store information
Neuron
location of neuron
brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral Nervous
This is a part of a neuron that communicates with other dendrites
Axon terminal
This is longer than dendrites. transmission of axon potential
Axon
It protects and insulates the neurons
Myelin sheath
It is the point of connection between an axon and a dendrite
=Synaptic point
Synapse
Localized physical condition where part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, painful and disturbed due to reaction to injury or infection.
Inflammation
What is the medical treatment for inflammation
RICE.
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
Why do we use ice for treatement?
to enable constriction of the blood vessels. the blood will be interrupted (to stop bleeding)
T or F
The more dilated the blood vessels are, more blood will flow
T
Give the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
Prolonged infection / inflammatory response
Healing process is interfered
Tissues severely damaged (cells die)
Inhibits synthesis, release and action of chemical mediators of inflammation
Drug intervention is needed
Chronic inflammation
What are the drugs needed for chronic inflammation?
Antihistamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen
What are the two types of inflammation?
Acute & Chronic
(TYPE OF INFLAMMATION)
=short duration-few minutes to days
=protein exudate
=neutrophils predominate
Acute
(TYPE OF INFLAMMATION) =days to years =mainly macrophages and lymphocytes =proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis =fewer neutrophils
Chronic
How do you distinguish acute versus chronic inflammation?
by the duration and the type of infiltrating inflammatory cells
Give three examples for acute illnesses
cough, cold, sleeplessness, flu
Give three examples for chronic diseases
cancer, AIDS, kidney disease, diabetes, tuberculosis, alzheimer’s, Prakinson’s, Sarcadosis
regenerative medicine
promotes the repair response of injured tissue using stem cells.
Substitute for organ transplantation, uses cells instead of donor organs
replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or other neurological problems;
produce insulin that could treat people with diabetes and heart muscle cells that could repair damage after a heart attack.
stem cell therapy
Wound healing steps
Homeostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, remodeling
or
Bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
(INFLAMMATORY)
About 1 week, a ___ is present And new epidermis is growing
scab
(Proliferative)
About 2 weeks, fibroblasts formed ____
granulation tissue
About 1 month wound completely closed, granulation tissue being replace by new connective tissue
Remodeling
A stem cell can become any one of the ___ different cells in the body
220
these organs can benefit from stem cell:
Kidney, genitalia, liver, heart, lungs, brain
Give some effects of aging on tissues
=cells divide more slowly
=collagen become more irregular in structure, though they may increase in number
=elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less elastic (arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic)
=Rate of blood cell synthesis decline in the elderly
=injuries don’t heal as readily
Changes in collages and elastin result in:
- atherosclerosis(the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls )and reduced blood supply to tisses
- wrinkling of the skin
- increased tendency for bones to break
are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation.
mast cells
consists of nonfibrous molecule and it is the shapeless background against which cells and collagen fibers can be seen when using a light microscope.
Ground substance
