INTEGUMENTARY Flashcards
What is the largest system of the body (66%)
Integumentary system
Give functions of integumentary
Protection (abrasion, ultraviolet light, etc)
sensation
Production of Vitamin D (calcium synthesis)
Thermoregulation (sweat glands)
Excretion
it refers to subject to injury e.g. wound or lesion
Abrasion
The ability to interpret stimuli
sensation
Where does protein synthesis occur
liver
What are the two components of the skin
skin itself and skin derivatives/accessories
Three types of skin derivatives
hair, nail, and glands
Outermost; stratified squamous Inner layer very active in mitosis Keratinization – keratin production Outermost layer are dead rigid cells Permeability barrier Resists abrasion avascular
Epidermis
It means no blood vessel present
avascular
Where do you usually see most of the keratin present?
toes, elbows, scrotal sac, palm, sole
Give the anatomy of epidermis starting from the dead cells
dead cells > stratum corneum > stratum lucidum > stratum granulosum > stratum spinosum > stratum basale (stratum germinatium) > dermis
part of the anatomy of epidermis where it contains the sensory receptor
stratum spinosum
part of anatomy of epidermis where the cells are actively dividing or in a mitotic division
Stratum basale
Part of anatomy of epidermis where melanocytes are stored
Stratum granulosum
The inner layer of the skin
has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and smooth muscle.
Dermis
thin upper layer or dermis called the____, and a thick lower layer called the____
papillary dermis ; reticular dermis.
T or F
Papillary dermis contains blood vessels
T
It resists the stretch
Papillae/ cleavage lines
Why do doctors look for the cleavage lines when performing incision?
Because it reduces blood
Intradermal injection: ____
◦ Subcutaneous injection: ____
◦ Intramuscular injection: _____
Intravenous: blood transfusion
◦ Intradermal injection (tuberculin skin test)
◦ Subcutaneous injection (insulin)
◦ Intramuscular injection (vaccines, antibiotics)
Also known as the hypodermis
innermost layer of skin
fats and Adipose tissues
blood vessels and nerves
acts as an insulator to help regulate body temperature
Attachment to underlying bones and muscle
Subcutaneous Layer
If the cuticle is the outer covering for hair shaft, what about the medulla and cortex?
medulla is the middle layer while cortex is the inner layer
Hair is more concentrated in?
Genital area, axillary area, and scalp
This excrets sebum to make the hair only
Sebaceous gland
T or F
Hair papilla does not contain blood vessel
F
are small muscles attached to hair follicles. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end –GOOSE BUMPS
arrector pili muscles
▪ protect, condition and cool your skin surface.
▪ secrete an oily substance into the hair follicles of your skin
Simple sebaceous glands
Where do skin glands located?
Located in dermis portion of the skin/ reticular layer
This secretes sweat to thermorelugate
Sweat gland
What type of cells are found in sebaceous gland
Simple cuboidal cells
What are the importance of nails clinically?
If it turns gray, deterioration might occur and it can indicate if comatose will be occurring
protecting the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and surrounding soft tissues from injuries
Nail
It is a physiology of the skin that tackles:
◦ Prevents water loss
◦ Acts as barrier
◦ Against abrasion (underlying tissues)
◦ Damaging effects of UV light (melanin absorption)
◦ Hair as protective structure
◦ Nails – for defense
Protection
It is a physiology of the skin that tackles:
➢Receptors (pain, heat, cold, pressure)
Sensation
It is a physiology of the skin that tackles:
◦ Carried at the liver
◦ Ingest Vitamin D when insufficient
Stimulates small intestine to absorb Ca & phosphate
Production of vitamin D
from what food can you usually obtain vitamin D?
Eggs, milk, fish
It is a physiology of the skin that tackles:
➢Body temperature influences chemical reaction ➢Dilation of blood vessels in the dermis ➢Constriction of dermal blood vessels
Thermoregulation
It is a physiology of the skin that tackles:
Removal of waste products
Excretion
What are the waste products excreted from the skin?
Urea, uric acid ammonia (thru sweating)
This is an aid to rule out certain disease
Diagnostic aid
Give examples of diagnostic aid
▪ Cyanosis ▪ Jaundice ▪ Blushing ▪ Rashes ▪ Inflammation ▪ Allergy
Injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals electricity or radiation.
Burn
It means death of a certain cell
necrosis
T or F
Oxygen insufficiency can cause anaphylactic shock
T
Blue-ish color might indicate oxygen is depleted
Cyanosis
Yellowish, disorder by the liver
Jaundice
Excessive production of the bile can lead to
Liver Cirrhosis
Rubbing together of two surfaces
friction
Formation of blockage
Venous Thrombosis
What is the plural form of thrombus?
thrombi
❑Formation of clot in a vein
❑Blocks normal blood flow resulting to tissue destruction
❑Loss of fluid
❑Liver releases increased amount of clotting factors
Venous Thrombosis
Symptoms of burn
➢Tissue damage (deeper tissue) ➢Edema (swelling) ➢Shock ➢Microbial Infection =Inflammation
Why does microbial infection occur in burn skin?
Because it is exposed
What are the treatments for burn
❖ I.V
❖High protein high calorie diet\
❖Antimicrobials
❖Skin grafts
High protein high calorie diet is usually used while?
while recuperating (nagpapagaling)
What are the burn classifications?
1st-degree, 2nd degree, third degree
• Epidermis • Red • Painful • swelling
FIRST DEGREE BURN
• Epidermis & Dermis • Blisters • Healing 2 wks • scar
SECOND DEGREE
• Complete • Scar • A month
THIR DEGREE
Fluid-like indicating lots of water was lost
Blisters
how many percent for legs? (rules of 9)(ADULT)
9%
how many percent for head and arms? (rules of 9)(ADULT)
4.5%
how many percent for abdominal area? (rules of 9)(ADULT)
18%
how many percent for genital area? (rules of 9)(ADULT)
1%
T or F
The percentage for abdominal areas and arms are the same with pediatric and adults
T
how many percent for head? (rules of 9) (PEDIATRIC)
9%
how many percent for legs? (rules of 9)(PEDIATRIC)
7%
DISORDER OF THE SKIN
➢Most common type ➢Prolonged exposure to UV rays
SKIN CANCER
Types of skin cancer
➢Basal cell carcinoma ➢Squamous cell carcinoma ➢Malignant melanoma
Cells in stratum basale undergo mutation
➢Basal cell carcinoma
Melanocytes are being attacked by cancer cells
➢Malignant melanoma
Example of fungal
➢ Ringworm ➢Dermatitis/Eczema ➢Psoriasis
Example of bacterial
➢Impetigo ➢Bedsores/pressure sores
Example of viral
❖Measles * cold sores ❖German measles * Herpes ❖Chicken pox
This can treat fungal skin diseases
Topical medicine
This can treat viral skin diseases
Vaccine
herpes in the mouth
Herpes zoster
What are the effects of aging on the integumentary system?
=skin more easily damaged because epidermis thins and amount of collagen decreases
=skin infections more like
=wrinkling occurs due to decrease in elastic fibers
=skin becomes drier
=decrease in blood supply causes poor ability to regulate body temperature
=functioning melanocytes decrease or increase; age spots
=sunlight ages skin more rapidly
What is the best time to go under the sun?
6AM TO 9 AM
what time does the highest radiation from the sun occurs?
10 AM ONWARDS
is the primary organ of the integumentary system and is the largest organ of the body.
Skin
is the basal (base) layer of the epidermis. It is the layer that’s closest to the blood supply lying underneath the epidermis. This layer is one of the most important layers of our skin since it contains the only cells of the epidermis that can divide via the process of mitosis, which means that skin cells germinate here,
stratum basale also called the stratum germinativum
the most numerous cells of the epidermis called
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes produce the essential protein of the epidermis. This protein is called _____
Keratin
makes our skin tough and provides us with much-needed protection from microorganisms, physical harm, and chemical irritation.
keratin
A layer so-called because its cells are spiny-shaped. is partly responsible for the skin’s strength and flexibility.
Stratum Spinosum
This layer gets its name from the fact that the cells located here contain many granules. The keratinocytes produce a lot of keratin in this layer—they become filled with keratin(keratinization)
Stratum Granulosum
is a layer that derives its name from the lucid (clear/transparent) appearance it gives off under a microscope. This layer is only easily found in certain hairless parts of our body, namely the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet: meaning, the places where our skin is usually the thickest.
stratum lucidum
(the horny layer filled with cornified cells). This the only layer of skin we see with our eyes.
stratum corneum
. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are called
corneocytes.
are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts
Cutaneous Glands
a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.
Sebaceous Gland
are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.
sweat glands
sweat gland is also known as
sudoriferous glands
is a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin. Albinos have fair skin, white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eyes.
ALBINISM
are lines develop when a person increases in size quite rapidly.
Stretch marks -
