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ANAPHY > MUSCULAR > Flashcards

MUSCULAR Flashcards

1
Q

Give functions of Muscular System

A

 Over all body movement  Maintenance of posture  Respiration  Body heat production  Communication ◦ (speaking, writing, gestures, facial expressions)  Constriction of organs and vessels  Contraction of the heart

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2
Q

The correct way of how the organs are placed

A

Position

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3
Q

Ability of organism to express his/her ideas

A

Communication

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4
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue

A

Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity, Adaptability

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5
Q

Shorten forcefully

A

 Contractility ◦

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6
Q

Respond to stimuli through nerves

A

Excitability ◦

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7
Q

Stretching beyond normal resting length

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

Recoil to original resting length.

A

Elasticity ◦

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9
Q

To adjust in his/her environment (hypertrophy/atrophy)

A

Adaptibility

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10
Q

Increase in size due to high endurance muscle

A

Hypertrophy

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11
Q

Reduction in a mass when it is not being used

A

Atrophy

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12
Q

 Striated  40% of body weight  Attached to the skeletal system  With connective nervous & adipose tissue  Multinucleated  Peripheral location

A

Skeletal muscle

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13
Q

T or F

Myofibrils are not made up of myofilament

A

F

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14
Q

T or F

Actin and myosin are example of contractil

A

T

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15
Q

It covers myofibril

A

Sacromere

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16
Q

Composed of alternating actin myosin

A

myofibril

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17
Q

 Responsible for many cell movements  Actin  Troponin – binding sites for Ca++  tropomyosin

A

ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS

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18
Q

This is exclusively found in the heart muscle

A

Troponin

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19
Q

◦ Charge difference across the cell membrane

A

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

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20
Q

All cells have a negatively charged inside compared to their outside

A

Resting membrane potential

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21
Q

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

A

ACTION POTENTIAL ◦

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22
Q

 Na+ outside ; K+ inside  Channels closed

A

 Resting potential

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23
Q

 Some Na+ opens ; Na+ enters  If threshold is passed they all open

A

Stimulus/threshold

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24
Q

 Na+ channels open; Na+ enters ; cell becomes positive  Chain reaction of Na+ channels opening the axon

A

Depolarization

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25
Q

 Na+ gates close ; K+ gates open  K+ moves out & the cell becomes negative.

A

Repolarization

26
Q

How many milliseconds does it take for muscles to react?

A

2 milliseconds

27
Q

 chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.  It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

A

Neuromuscular Junction

28
Q

Neuromuscular Junction is also known as

A

myoneural junction

29
Q

 the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction to activate muscles contraction  drugs that influence this neurotransmitter can cause various degrees of movement disruption or even paralysis  carries signals from motor neurons to the body’s skeletal muscles  drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions.

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

30
Q

Why does stroke and numbness happen?

A

Because acetylcholine ethanolamine neurotransmitter is blocks

31
Q

Sedatives that block electrical impulses

A

Anesthesia, alcohol, tranquilizer, sleeping pills

32
Q

Outer covering of muscle fiber/myofibril

A

Sacrolema

33
Q

Spaces/area contains actin myosin

A

Sacromere

34
Q

These allow muscle to contract

A

Actin/ myosin

35
Q

 Single muscular contraction in response to stimulus.
◦ Lots of people get twitches in the eyelid, thumb & calf muscle.
◦ go away after a few
◦ stress or anxiety related

A

Muscle twitch

36
Q

3 phases of muscle twitch

A

◦ Latent phase – application of stimulus/beginning of contraction
◦ Contraction phase
◦ Relaxation Phase

37
Q

Muscle twitch are due to?

A

◦ stress, too much caffeine, a poor diet, exercise, or as a side effect of some medicines.

38
Q

is prolonged contraction without relaxation and results from repeating stimulation before the muscle has a chance to relax at all.

A

Tetanus

39
Q

is the addition of a second twitch, resulting in greater tension, and it results from stimulating the muscle before it has a chance to relax completely.

A

summation or treppe

40
Q

 Aerobic production of ATP during exercise and normal condition  Anaerobic ATP production during intensive short term work.  Conversion of CREATINE PHOSPHATE to ATP  Conversion of 2 ADP to one ATP and one AMP during heavy exercise.

A

Energy requirement/ muscle contraction

41
Q

What is the difference bet. aerobic production of ATP and anaerobic ATP production

A

Aerobic production has the presence of oxygen while anaerobic ATP production has less oxygen but more CO2

42
Q

 Temporary state of reduced work capacity

A

Muscle Fatigue

43
Q

we experience muscle fatigue because?

A

◦ Build up of lactic acid ◦ Drop in PH (acidosis) ◦ Depletion of ATP (increase consumption) ◦ Oxidative stress (build up of ROS – free radicals) ◦ Localized inflammatory reactions.

44
Q
  • reduced amount of ATP to bind to myosin filament. Incapable of contracting/relaxing. Psychological Fatigue
  • involves the CNS (“perceives contraction is NOT possible.
A

Physiological Contracture

45
Q

Symptoms of muscle fatigue

A

◦ soreness. ◦ localized pain. ◦ shortness of breath. ◦ muscle twitching. ◦ trembling. ◦ a weak grip. ◦ muscle cramps.

46
Q

Aid for muscle fatigue

A

RICE (rest,ice, compression, elevation)

47
Q

growth and increase of the size of muscle cells. The most common type of muscular hypertrophy occurs as a result of physical exercise such as weightlifting, and the term is often associated with weight training

A

Muscle hypertrophy

48
Q

is when muscles waste away due to lack of physical activity. This can happen when a disease or injury makes it difficult or impossible to move an arm or leg

A

Muscle atrophy

49
Q

is a strong, painful contraction or tightening of a muscle that comes on suddenly and lasts from a few seconds to several minutes. It often occurs in the legs.

A

Muscle cramp

50
Q

These are under isotonic contraction

A

Concentric and Eccentric

51
Q

=during the upward phase of exercise
=biceps brachii produces tension and shortens
= pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow

A

Concentric

52
Q

=downward phase of exercise
=biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens
=it slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow

A

Eccentric

53
Q

=Holding the weight still
=briceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length
=it stops flexion and extension of the elbow

A

Isometric contraction

54
Q

 Muscles are attached to the bones by

A

TENDONS

55
Q

How many muscles are there in human body (adult)

A

640

56
Q

this deals with MUSCLES:

 Location  Size  Shape  Orientation of fascicles  Origin & insertion  Number of Heads  Function

A

Muscular nomenclature

57
Q

▪ orbicularis oculi, ▪ nasalis, ▪ levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, ▪ depressor labii inferioris, ▪ procerus, ▪ auriculars, ▪ zygomaticus major, ▪ zygomaticus minor, ▪ buccinator, ▪ occipitofrontalis, ▪ corrugator supercilii, risorius, ▪ depressor anguli oris, orbicularis oris, ▪ mentalis.

A

Facial and mastication muscles

58
Q

These muscles act to change the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration.

A

Thoracic muscles

59
Q

What are the effects of aging on skeletal muscle

A

=slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity
=size and power of all muscles tissues also decrease
=lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose or fibrous connective tissue
=muscle strength and endurance are impaired
=decreased cardiovascular performance
=increased circulatory supply to active muscles occurs much more slowly
=tolerance for exercise decreases
=tendency toward rapid fatigue
=muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from disease or injury
=elasticity of skeletal muscle also decreases

60
Q

Examples of diseases /disorder of muscular system

A

 muscular dystrophy (muscle weakening diseases),
 Muscular atrophy
 Muscular Hypertrophy
 tendonitis (degenerative tendon disease),
 fibromyalgia (chronic pain),
 mitochondrial myopathy (mitochondria ATP disorder),
 myasthenia gravis (immune system problem),
 tetanus (paralyzing bacterial infection).

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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