The Cerebrum: Cerebral Function Flashcards
Frontal Lobe Areas
- prefrontal cortex
- frontal eye fields
- Broca’s area
- premotor cortex
- primary motor cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
(Frontal)
involved with:
cognition
executive control
decision making
personality
social behavior
Prefrontal cortex damage
Depressive or Manic profiles
(mutism vs. confabulation)
(Hyposexuality vs. Hypersexuality)
Frontal Eye Fields
(Frontal)
- controls eye movement
- damage: eye deviate to side of injury
- uncertainty and hope
Broca’s Area
(Frontal)
- involved in interpretation of language (syntax) and planning/programming verbal responses
- coordination of speech organs for language production
Premotor Cortex
(Frontal)
- selecting & planning motor movements
- supplementary motor area involved in sequencing motor plans
Damage to premotor cortex
Apraxia – loss of ability to voluntarily move
Primary Motor Cortex
(Frontal)
- sends motor plans to muscles for them to act (speech muscles)
- mapped to form homunculus
Parietal Lobe areas
- Primary sensory cortex
- Somatosensory association cortex
- angular gyrus
- supra marginal gyrus
Primary Sensory Cortex
(Parietal) homunculus present
- processes somatosensory info: vibration, proprioception, touch, stereogensis
Somatosensory association cortex
(Parietal)
- interprets sensory experience during motor movements
- used to refine motor action
- involved in fine movements associated with speech
Angular gyrus
(Parietal)
- involved in reading & math
- understanding metaphors & sense of embodiment
Damage to angular gyrus
Alexia (inability to comprehend written language)
Acalculia (loss of ability to preform simple arithmetic calculation)
damage to supra marginal gyrus
phonological dyslexia
difficulty reading new & nonwords
Supramarginal gyrus
(Parietal)
- closely related to angular gyrus
- involved in phonological system: stores auditory representations of phonemes (auditory images)
- helps us to sound out words
Occipital Lobe areas
- Primary visual cortex
- associative visual cortex
Visual cortex
(Occipital)
- info from eyes is received/processed
damage: cortical blindness
two streams of vision in visual cortex
dorsal stream: WHERE of vision
- analyzes motion
- spatial relationships
ventral stream: WHAT of vision
- analyzes forms, colors, faces
Temporal Lobe areas
- inferior temporal area
- parahippocampal area
- hippocampus
- entorhinal cortex
- fusiform gyrus
- temporal pole
- primary auditory cortex
Inferior temporal area
(Temporal)
- processing auditory & language info
- reading facial emotions
- play a role in hallucinations
Parahippocampal gyrus
(temporal)
- Hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampus
(Temporal in gyrus)
associated with declarative memory
Entorhinal cortex
(Temporal in gyrus)
major input/output relay between cerebral cortex and hippocampus
Fusiform gyrus
(Temporal)
- important in remembering & naming seen objects
- functions as visual lexicon
- lesions can cause anomia & lexical graphia
Temporal Pole
(Temporal)
LEFT: semantic processing, speech comprehension, narrative comprehension
RIGHT: integration of emotion into narratives, identifying familiar voices
BOTH: theory of mind, empathy
Primary auditory cortex
(Temporal)
AKA Heschl’s gyrus
- initial cortical region that receives auditory info from the ears via vestibulocochlear CN
- processes sound intensity and frequency
- organized by tones
Wernickes area
(temporal)
- involved in attaching meaning to auditory information
Damage to wernicke’s area
Wernicke’s aphasia
characterized by verbal jargon & lack of understanding other’s speech
Cingulate cortex
anterior parts: cognitive control, detecting & conflicts, problem solving
posterior parts: autobiographical memory, managing risky behavior, and emotional processing
Filter and focus process of cingulate cortex
ACC filters out irrelevant info
PCC detects important info
Insular cortex
posterior-dorsal: raw sensory perception of bodily states
dorsal-caudal: connections - involved in emotional & cognitive aspects of body integrating sensory feedback into motor behavior
role of insular cortex
- clinical date suggests role in language
- plays role in lexical decision making
- some cases of global aphasia
