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Neural Processes > Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, Brain Ventricles > Flashcards

Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, Brain Ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

thalamus

A

“inner chamber” or “bedroom”
2 hemispheres above the brainstem

RELAY STATION (sensory input)
gateway to cerebral cortex

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2
Q

functions of thalamus

A

relays sensory info (besides smell)
perception of pain, temp, touch
sense of pleasantness/noxiousness

maintains cortical arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycle

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3
Q

Thalamic Nuclei

A

7 groups
- medial
- lateral dorsal
- lateral ventral
- anterior
- intralaminar
- reticular
- midline

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4
Q

Medial Geniculate body

A

relays auditory info from subcortical midbrain to auditory cortex temporal lobe

HEARING

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5
Q

Lateral Geniculate body

A

info from optic nerve to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

VISUAL

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6
Q

Ventral Posterior Medial

A

input (pain/temp/touch) form the trigeminothalamic tract from face nerves (V,VII,IX,X)

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7
Q

Ventral Lateral & Anterior (VL) (VA)

A

Both receive input from basal ganglia & cerebellum, send info to motor cortex

VL – motor planning
VA – speech production

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8
Q

Blood supply to thalamus

A

the posterior communicating artery (PCA) is very important to the blood supply for thalamus

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9
Q

Pituitary Problems
CUSHING DISEASE

A
  • endocrine (hormone) disorder via tumor on pituitary gland
  • high levels of cortisol
  • moon facies, emotional disturbances, hypertension, buffalo hump, obesity, amenorrhea, muscle weakness
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10
Q

Pituitary Problems
ACROMEGALY

A
  • extreme largeness
  • caused by tumor
  • pituitary produce too much growth hormone

symptoms: large stature, large nose/jaw/hands, hypertension, peripheral neurpathy

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11
Q

Epithalamus

A

superior/posterior thalamus

  • connects limbic system to forebrain and other parts!!!!!!!
  • sleep-wake cycle, olfactory reflexes, reward & aversion
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12
Q

parts of epithalamus

A

Pineal gland: produces melatonin, sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms

Habenula: olfactory reflexes/stress

Salivate: food, gag, noxious

Stria Medullaris: white matter tract connects Habenula to limbic system

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13
Q

Subthalamus

A

below thalamus

  • connects basal ganglia to motor cortex
  • modulation of movement outside B.G
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14
Q

Damage of subthalamus

A

hemiballismus: one sided involuntary flinging of limbs

tremors, obsessive compulsive, impulsivity

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15
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

success to relieve tremors and involuntary movements for sub thalamus damage by placing a simulator

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16
Q

3 large nuclei of Basal Ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • globus pallidus
  • putamen
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17
Q

caudate nucleus

A

“having a tail” c-shape

head, body, tail
tail has bulge (amygdala) to limbic sys

Regulate emotions (fear, aggression, emotional meaning to memories, reward processing & decision making)

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18
Q

3 large nuclei functionally together

A

striatum

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19
Q

3 large nuclei anatomically together

A

lenticular nucleus

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20
Q

direct pathway of basal ganglia

A

facilities movement

21
Q

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A

inhibits movement

22
Q

Connections cortical motor areas

A
  • using dopamine (substantia nigra) regulates posture, balance, swinging arm movements, walking
  • activating, sustaining, inhibiting motor movements
23
Q

dyskinesias

A

involuntary, erratic movements (fluid dance like)

24
Q

atheosis

A

slow & withering (limbs, trunk, neck, face, tongue)

25
Q

chorea

A

involuntary unpredictable rapid contractions in face/arms/legs

26
Q

akinesias

A

lose ability to move muscles on own
( frozen )

27
Q

rigidity

A

muscles stiff and tighten involuntarily

28
Q

dystonia

A

involuntary muscle contractions, repetitive movement or abnormal postures

29
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement, difficulty initiating movement

30
Q

Basal ganglia symptoms

A

Dyskinesias, tremors, athetosis, chorea, akinesia, rigidity, dystonia, bradykinesia

31
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

progressive neurological disease
“shaking palsy”
- degeneration of substania nigra in midbrain, loss of dopamine to BG

symptoms: muscle rigidity, dyskineasis, resting/pill-rolling tremors, shuffling gait, weak voice, dysarthria, flat affect, dysphagia

32
Q

Parkinson Surgery
Deep Brain Stimulation

A

surgical insertion of brain pacemaker that stimulates basal ganglia, reducing symptoms

33
Q

Parkinson Surgery
Pallidotomy

A

cells in globes pallid us are selectively destroyed using heated probe reducing symptoms

34
Q

Huntington Disease

A

progressive, hereditary neurological disease due to degeneration of basal ganglia

(~35 years)
Autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance

symptoms: chorea, athetosis, emotional/personality changes, dysarthria, dysphagia, dementia

35
Q

ventricles

A

fluid-filled spaces in brain
4 total
Left & Right ventricle paired
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

36
Q

choroid plexus

A

each ventricle has this structure that produces cerebral spinal fluid

37
Q

2 Lateral Ventricles right & left

A

located in each hemisphere
paired
c-shaped

38
Q

Third ventricle

A

from diencephelon
single structure
slit like between 2 thalami, part of hypothalamus
may be absent in 30% of humans

39
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

most inferiorly located
lies within brainstem

40
Q

Movement of ventricles

A

CSF is going down thru spinal cord:

  • lateral ventricles drain to 3rd ventricle via Forman of Monroe
  • 3rd ventricle drains to 4th
  • 4th ventricle drains to central spinal canal
  • drains to subarachnoid cisterns between arachnoid & Pia mater
41
Q

function of CSF

A
  • provides mechanical protection/cushioning
  • facilitates homeostasis
  • facilitates communication between CNS and PNS and immune system
42
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid is

A
  • clear/colorless liquid
  • choroid plexus locate in each ventricle
  • found in ventricular system, cerebral, spinal, arachnoid spaces in CNS
43
Q

production of CSF

A
  • water
  • protein 9
  • neurotransmitters (helpful diagnostic purposes)
  • glucose
44
Q

CSF alterations

A

production changes with
- aging
- hypertension
- atherosclerosis
- sleep deprivation

45
Q

CSF impact on dementia/alzheimers

A
  • aging process lead to hypo secretions of CSF, increased connective tissue & changes in vascular system causes CSF to back up
  • interferes with brain waste clearance
46
Q

Subarachnoid hemmorage complication (CSF)

A
  • obstruction
  • hemmorage caused inflammation response in brain that causes hypersecretion
47
Q

Holes in meninges (CSF)

A
  • decrease CSF pressure
  • postural headaches
  • related to buoyance of brain & difficulty keeping brain supported if not enough CSF
48
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF builds up in ventricles, enlarging one or more

49
Q

Diagnose hydrocephalus

A

CT scan, MRI, Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
ventricles can misshapen

Neural Processes (13 decks)

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