neurology of language Flashcards
Characteristics of language
- code
- universal characteristics
- dynamic
- representational
- conventional
- generative
- systemic
- arbitrary symbols
code
system of symbols
representational
ideas about the world
conventional
shared by speaking community
systemic
rules & regulations for use
generative
speakers create novel utterance
dynamic
change over time
universal characteristics
noun, verb, adjectives & rules
parts of language
content, form, use
content
aka semantics
- the meaning of language
- meaning of words
- meaning of words in combo
form
aka grammar
- shape or form of language
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
use
aka pragmatics
- practical use of language
perisylvian region
border Sylvia fissure - lateral fissure
- inferior frontal gyrus
- superior temporal gyrus
- some of middle temporal gyrus
- inferior parietal lobe
auditory comprehension of language
- cochlea to coclear nuclear complex
- CNC to thalamus
- thalamus to primary auditory cortex
- PAC to Wernicke’s
- Wernicke’s to BA 44 of Broca’s area (syntax)
Temporal lobe processing - Heschl Gyrus
location in primary auditory cortex, activates with sound
- left: sensitive to speech sounds
- right: sensitive to pitch
superior temporal gyrus
involved syntactic structure
posterior temporal lobe
activated processing of verbs & noun phrase
superior temporal gyrus is highly connected to
interior frontal gyrus
dorsal & ventral streams known as..
dual stream
- information flows back & forth
structures of eye
- cornea (outer layer)
- pupil (opening at center iris)
- iris (colored part of eye)
adjust size of pupil to control amount of light
dilate: pupils open to increase light
constrict: pupil shrinks to decrease light
parasympathetic component: dilate with nervousness
staring at the retina we have coding for
- color
- shape
- movement
optic chiasm
nasal: portion of eye closest to nose
temporal: portion of eye closest temple
optic chiasm: 60% of axon from optic nerve cross over
visual comprehension steps
- eyes to lateral geniculate nucleolus of thalamus via optic tracts
- LGN to visual cortex via geniculocalcarine tract
- visual areas to ventral & dorsal streams of vision
Three cortical areas involved for reading
- parietotemporal system
- decoding semantics - occipitotemporal system
- sight reading - anterior reading system
- decoding syntax
steps of oral production of language
- decision to speak formed in prefrontal cortex
- decision sent to Broca for language encoding and speech planning
- speech plans sent to supplementary motor area – activates the plans
- SMA sends to motor cortex which sends activated plans to speech muscles
steps of written expression of language
- decision to write formed in prefrontal cortex
- decision sent to broca area for language encoding
- writing plans sent to premotor area, forms grapheme motor plans
- premotor area sends to motor cortex, sends plans to hand muscles
- areas 5&7 aid visual spatial elements of writing
aphasia
acquired multimodality language disorder
- caused by stroke/B.I
- multiple language modalities
EXPRESSIVE symptoms of aphasia
-agrammatism
- anomia
- jargon
- neologism
- paraphasia
- verbal
- agraphia
RECEPTIVE symptoms of aphasia
- auditory comprehension loss
- alexia
Broca’s aphasia
AKA EXPRESSIVE
- difficulty finding & saying words
- repeating words & phrases
- speech is labored & telegraphic
- difficulty writing
- typically understand better
- frustration
may have R weakness in arm/leg (hemiparesis)
Transcortical aphasia
stroke impacts but doesn’t directly affect Broca’s area
- difficulty finding & saying words
- repeating words & phrases well
- difficulty with sentence structure
- consistent content words
- speech slow, halting, lacks intonation
- comprehension often intact or mild
- writing impaired
Global aphasia
MOST SEVERE
- reduced, nonfluent speech
- profound impair language comprehen
- may produce long/confusing utterances with neologisms
- limit spoken utterances to spontaneous greetings and single word
Wernicke’s aphasia
AKA RECEPTIVE/FLUENT
- speech is fluent/long utterances that likely do not make sense
- speaking rate & intonation intact
- increase paraphasic error, neologisms
- comprehension impaired
- difficulty repeating words
Transcortical sensory aphasia
fluent speech but often contains paraphasic errors; increase use of concrete nouns compared to adjectives
- severe comprehension difficulties
- repetition intact, often echolalic
- reading out loud contaminated but better than reading comprehension
conduction aphasia
speaks fluently but struggles to repeat words or phrases, subtitles phonemic paraphasic errors
- confrontation naming impaired
- frequently attempt to self-correct
- comprehension usually intact
anomic aphasia
fluent, grammatically correct speech with difficulty finding correct words
- repetition intact
- comprehension intact
