neurology of language

Question 1

Characteristics of language

Answer 1

1. code
2. universal characteristics
3. dynamic
4. representational
5. conventional
6. generative
7. systemic
8. arbitrary symbols

Question 2

code

Answer 2

system of symbols

Question 3

representational

Answer 3

ideas about the world

Question 4

conventional

Answer 4

shared by speaking community

Question 5

systemic

Answer 5

rules & regulations for use

Question 6

generative

Answer 6

speakers create novel utterance

Question 7

dynamic

Answer 7

change over time

Question 8

universal characteristics

Answer 8

noun, verb, adjectives & rules

Question 9

parts of language

Answer 9

content, form, use

Question 10

content

Answer 10

aka semantics
- the meaning of language
- meaning of words
- meaning of words in combo

Question 11

form

Answer 11

aka grammar
- shape or form of language
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax

Question 12

use

Answer 12

aka pragmatics
- practical use of language

Question 13

perisylvian region

Answer 13

border Sylvia fissure - lateral fissure
- inferior frontal gyrus
- superior temporal gyrus
- some of middle temporal gyrus
- inferior parietal lobe

Question 14

auditory comprehension of language

Answer 14

1. cochlea to coclear nuclear complex
2. CNC to thalamus
3. thalamus to primary auditory cortex
4. PAC to Wernicke’s
5. Wernicke’s to BA 44 of Broca’s area (syntax)

Question 15

Temporal lobe processing - Heschl Gyrus

Answer 15

location in primary auditory cortex, activates with sound
- left: sensitive to speech sounds
- right: sensitive to pitch

Question 16

superior temporal gyrus

Answer 16

involved syntactic structure

Question 17

posterior temporal lobe

Answer 17

activated processing of verbs & noun phrase

Question 18

superior temporal gyrus is highly connected to

Answer 18

interior frontal gyrus

Question 19

dorsal & ventral streams known as..

Answer 19

dual stream
- information flows back & forth

Question 20

structures of eye

Answer 20

• cornea (outer layer)
• pupil (opening at center iris)
• iris (colored part of eye)

Question 21

adjust size of pupil to control amount of light

Answer 21

dilate: pupils open to increase light

constrict: pupil shrinks to decrease light

parasympathetic component: dilate with nervousness

Question 22

staring at the retina we have coding for

Answer 22

• color
• shape
• movement

Question 23

optic chiasm

Answer 23

nasal: portion of eye closest to nose

temporal: portion of eye closest temple

optic chiasm: 60% of axon from optic nerve cross over

Question 24

visual comprehension steps

Answer 24

1. eyes to lateral geniculate nucleolus of thalamus via optic tracts
2. LGN to visual cortex via geniculocalcarine tract
3. visual areas to ventral & dorsal streams of vision

Question 25

Three cortical areas involved for reading

Answer 25

1. parietotemporal system
   - decoding semantics
2. occipitotemporal system
   - sight reading
3. anterior reading system
   - decoding syntax

Question 26

steps of oral production of language

Answer 26

1. decision to speak formed in prefrontal cortex
2. decision sent to Broca for language encoding and speech planning
3. speech plans sent to supplementary motor area – activates the plans
4. SMA sends to motor cortex which sends activated plans to speech muscles

Question 27

steps of written expression of language

Answer 27

1. decision to write formed in prefrontal cortex
2. decision sent to broca area for language encoding
3. writing plans sent to premotor area, forms grapheme motor plans
4. premotor area sends to motor cortex, sends plans to hand muscles
5. areas 5&7 aid visual spatial elements of writing

Question 28

aphasia

Answer 28

acquired multimodality language disorder
- caused by stroke/B.I
- multiple language modalities

Question 29

EXPRESSIVE symptoms of aphasia

Answer 29

-agrammatism
- anomia
- jargon
- neologism
- paraphasia
- verbal
- agraphia

Question 30

RECEPTIVE symptoms of aphasia

Answer 30

• auditory comprehension loss
• alexia

Question 31

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 31

AKA EXPRESSIVE
- difficulty finding & saying words
- repeating words & phrases
- speech is labored & telegraphic
- difficulty writing
- typically understand better
- frustration

may have R weakness in arm/leg (hemiparesis)

Question 32

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 32

stroke impacts but doesn’t directly affect Broca’s area
- difficulty finding & saying words
- repeating words & phrases well
- difficulty with sentence structure
- consistent content words
- speech slow, halting, lacks intonation
- comprehension often intact or mild
- writing impaired

Question 33

Global aphasia

Answer 33

MOST SEVERE
- reduced, nonfluent speech
- profound impair language comprehen
- may produce long/confusing utterances with neologisms
- limit spoken utterances to spontaneous greetings and single word

Question 34

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 34

AKA RECEPTIVE/FLUENT
- speech is fluent/long utterances that likely do not make sense
- speaking rate & intonation intact
- increase paraphasic error, neologisms
- comprehension impaired
- difficulty repeating words

Question 35

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 35

fluent speech but often contains paraphasic errors; increase use of concrete nouns compared to adjectives

• severe comprehension difficulties
• repetition intact, often echolalic
• reading out loud contaminated but better than reading comprehension

Question 36

conduction aphasia

Answer 36

speaks fluently but struggles to repeat words or phrases, subtitles phonemic paraphasic errors
- confrontation naming impaired
- frequently attempt to self-correct
- comprehension usually intact

Question 37

anomic aphasia

Answer 37

fluent, grammatically correct speech with difficulty finding correct words
- repetition intact
- comprehension intact