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Neural Processes > Spinal cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum > Flashcards

Spinal cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of spinal cord

A

Means for communication from brain to body & from body to brain

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2
Q

Three layers of meninges

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid
  • dura mater
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3
Q

Pia mater

A

inner

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4
Q

arachnoid

A

web-like, filled cerebral spinal fluid

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5
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outside layer

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6
Q

Spinal cord form (5 sections)

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (chest)
  • Lumbar (lower back)
  • Sacral (pelvis)
  • Coccygeal (tailbone)
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7
Q

Information superhighway conveys ..

A

Motor (efferent) and Sensory (afferent) info between brain and body

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8
Q

Spinal nerves emerge from

A

spinal cord, innervate parts of neck and BELOW the neck

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9
Q

4 fiber types

A
  1. General Somatic Efferent
  2. General Visceral Efferent
  3. General Somatic Afferent
  4. General Visceral Afferent
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10
Q

General Somatic Efferent (GSE) Fibers

A

to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Fibers

A

to smooth muscle, heart, glands

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12
Q

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Fibers

A

from skin

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13
Q

General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Fibers

A

from lungs and digestive tract

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14
Q

Funiculi

A

Each white matter region contains multiple tracts or fasciculi

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15
Q

Fasciculi

A

carries info up and down spinal column

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16
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • collection neuronal cells
  • signals to CNS from PNS (afferent)
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17
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

part of spinal nerve after the nerve exits intervertebral foramen

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18
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A
  • originates in brain
  • send signals down spinal cord
  • “COMMANDS” movement

in CNS

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19
Q

Damage to UMN

A

typically spasticity and hyperflexia
(spastic muscle and flexes too much)

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20
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A
  • originates in spinal cord
  • control muscles by sending signals on to the muscles and glands
  • “CARRIES OUT” the action

in PNS

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21
Q

Damage to LMN

A

flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, decreased reflexes

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22
Q

Descending Motor Tracts
BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD

A
  • lateral corticospinal
  • anterior corticospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • vestibulospinal
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23
Q

Ascending Sensory Tracts

A
  • Dorsal columns/somatosensory pathways
  • Ventral spinothalamic
  • Lateral spinothalamic
  • Ventral spinocerebellar
  • Dorsal spinocerebellar
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24
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • originates in motor cortex
  • decussates (crosses over) at lower medulla
  • from cortex to brainstem
  • contralateral body movement
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25
Q

Anterior/Ventral corticospinal tract

A
  • originates in motor/premotor areas of frontal lobe
  • ipsilateral control of trunk muscles
  • smaller lateral cortical spinal tract
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26
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A
  • originates in midbrain
  • decussates in ventral midbrain
  • inputs into ventral horn
  • modulates flexor tone in upper limbs/shoulder
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27
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A
  • originates in medulla
  • ipsilateral
  • inputs into ventral horn
  • controls extensor tone in limbs/neck
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28
Q

1st order neuron

A

directly receive info from periphery to spinal cord
(carry sensory signals from receptors)

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29
Q

2nd order neuron

A

within spinal cord - may decussate- input to thalamus or brainstem

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30
Q

3rd order neuron

A

in thalamus, carry to specific areas of cerebral cortex

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31
Q

4th order neuron

A

in cerebral cortex, interpret signal

32
Q

Dorsal Columns are also known as

A
  • Somatosensory Pathways
  • Dorsal column medial lemniscus
33
Q

Dorsal Columns

A

sensory receptors –> spinal cord decussates –> thalamus –> somatosensory cortex

relay fine touch, pressure, proprioception

34
Q

Ventral/Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

anterior part of spinal cord

relays light/crude touch and pressure

35
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

lateral part of spinal cord

relay pain and temperature

36
Q

Pathway of spinothalamic tract

A

from PNS –> spinal cord –> thalamus –> somatosensory cortex

37
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

ventral portion spinal cord –> dorsal horn –> decussates to cerebellum

38
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

dorsal portion spinal cord –> dorsal horn –> ipsilaterally to cerebellum

39
Q

The spinocerebellar tracts provide..

A

proprioceptive information

40
Q

Function of the spinal cord

A

relay efferent and afferent information between body & brain

(also mediate reflexes)

41
Q

reflexes

A
  • controlled at level of spinal nerves and cord
  • signal goes to spinal cord and returns via reflex arc
42
Q

Process of reflex

A

muscle stimulated –> muscle spindles detect stretch –> info sent thru sensory neurons to dorsal root (gray matter)–> info sent to interneurons –> motor message sent via ventral root
then muscle contracts

43
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

A

damage to spinal cord often thru traumatic causes
- vehicular accidents
- result in paresis/plegia

44
Q

Paraplegia/Paraparesis

A

involves legs

45
Q

Quadriplegia/Quadriparesis

A

involve arms and legs

46
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of spinal cord
- caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and toxic agents
- types include polio, Leuko, transverse

47
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

affects gray matter (motor loss)

48
Q

Leukomyelitis

A

affects white matter (sensory loss)

49
Q

Transverse

A

affects both gray and white matter (motor and sensory loss)

50
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

inflammation of PNS
- degeneration of spinal nerves (feet)
- caused by untreated diabetes, toxins, infections, nutritional issues
- leads to paresthesia or anesthesia

51
Q

Paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation skin may feel tingling, burning, itching, numbness

52
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

53
Q

Brainstem functions

A
  • regulating major life functions
  • mediate head/neck reflexes
  • regulate alterness and wakefulness
54
Q

Medulla

A
  • lowest part of brainstem
  • ventral to cerebellum
  • connects to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle (little bridge)
  • contains descend. motor tracts & olive
55
Q

Inferior olive nucleus

A

integrates signals from spinal cord to cerebellum, functions coordination

56
Q

Medulla autonomic nerves system nuclei

A

cardiac, vasoconstrictor, gastrointestinal motility, respiratory, swallowing centers

mediates reflexes: vomit, cough, gag, swallow

57
Q

Pons

A

superior to medulla, inferior to midbrain, anterior to cerebellum

  • acts as bridge, relaying tracts cerebral cortex, cerebellum, lower structures medulla and spinal cord
58
Q

Pons nuclei

A

regulate: respiration, swallowing, hearing, eye movement, facial movement, sensation

-sup olivary nucleus & lateral lemniscus (important function in auditory info)

59
Q

Midbrain

A

inferior to diencephalon, superior to pons
- colliculus/tetum
- tegmentum
- peduncles

60
Q

Colliculus/Tetum

A

contains
inferior colliculus (auditory processing)
superior colliculus (visual processing)

61
Q

Tegmentum

A

dorsal part, spreads length brainstem
- tracts/nuclei important motor control and sensory processing

62
Q

Tegmentum NUCLEI

A
  • substantia nigra (dopamine produced)
  • red nucleolus (coordination of move)
  • reticulum form (consciousness, sleep-wake cycle, cardiovascular, respiration)
  • periaqueductal gray matter (suppress pain)
63
Q

Peduncles (Crus Cerebri)

A

ventral part (leg of brain) pair of fibers
- connect brainstem to forebrain
- main highway signals transported between cortex to part of CNS
- important in coordination

64
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain”
- 2 hemispheres connected by vermis
- 3 lobes (anterior, posterior, flocculonodular)

gray matter: tightly folded, forms cerebral cortex (folia)

white matter: beneath cerebellar cortex

65
Q

Divisions of cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum
spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum

66
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

largest division, involved in planning movements & motor learning

(receives cerebral cortex to thalamus/red nucleus)

67
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

vermis and intermediate zone
error correction movement & proprioception

68
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

input from vestibular system to vestibular nuclei
controls balance and ocular reflexes

69
Q

Cerebellum macroscopic anatomy

A

80% total neurons in brain
Neuron arranged 3 layers

70
Q

3 layers of cerebellum neurons

A
  • molecular
  • purkinje (GABAergic cells inhibit cerebelluim)
  • granular
71
Q

Cerebellar pathways

A
  • vestibulocerebellar
  • vermal spinocerebellar
  • paravermal spinocerebellar
  • pontocerebellar
72
Q

Motor function of cerebellum

A

Planning, monitoring, correction of motor movement using sensory feedback, coordinates fine motor activity, monitors head/body position, learning new motor skills

73
Q

Linguistic function of cerebellum

A

perception of speech/lang, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing/reading

74
Q

Cerebellar Damage Symptoms

A

dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia
ataxia
nystagmus
intention tremor
speech (slurred/ scanning) ataxic dysarthria
hypotonia

DANISH

75
Q

Cerebellar Hemispheric Syndrome

A

damage in hemisphere cerebellum (stroke, tumor, MS)

76
Q

Vermal syndromes

A

damage to vermis
primarily effects trunk muscles

Neural Processes (13 decks)

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