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Neural Processes > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Genes reside in

A

the chromosomes

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2
Q

Chromosomes reside in

A

nucleus of the cell

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3
Q

Karotype

A

a person’s unique collection of chromosomes

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4
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23

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5
Q

How many individual chromosomes?

A

46

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6
Q

Diseases associated with chromosomes

A

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

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7
Q

Types of cell division

A

Meiosis and Mitosis`

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

cell duplicates all contents and splits
- 2 identical daughter cells
- critical controlled genes

(carbon copy of itself)

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9
Q

If an identical copy of cell is not created during Mitosis..

A

this can cause cancer

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

two step process with the goal being a correct number of chromosomes
- makes genetic differences

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11
Q

Events during dorsal induction

A

neural tube formation
casual eminence development

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12
Q

Events during ventral induction

A

prosencephalic development
cleavage
midline formation
neural proliferation
neuronal migration
cortical organization
myelination
cerebellar & brainstem development

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13
Q

Dorsal Induction

A

Period when neural tube is formed, brain and spinal cord develop out of neural tube

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14
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Failure of neural tube ends to close
- Encephalocele
- Anencephaly
- Spina Bifida

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15
Q

Encephalocele

A

part of the brain protrudes from the skull

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16
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • brain development ceases @ the brainstem
  • no cerebral hemispheres
17
Q

Spina bifida

A

cyst on back that may involve the spinal cord

18
Q

Ventral Induction

A

Period when face and brain develop out of superior end of neural tube

19
Q

Developmental Divisions

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Mentecephalon
Myelencephalon

20
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • end of the brain, outer layer of cerebrum
  • cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory bulbs
21
Q

Diencephalon

A

thru the brain
- relay station
- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

22
Q

Mesencephalon

A

middle of the brain
- midbrain (front of brainstem)
- sensory, motor, vision, arousal, etc

23
Q

Mentecephalon

A

Hind brain
- pons, cerebellum

24
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla
- connects brain to spinal column and vice versa

25
Q

Neural proliferation

A
  • Neurogenesis (birth of new neurons)
  • new neurons become gray/white matter
  • born out of spinal cord & brainstem
26
Q

Interruptions in neural proliferation ..

A

may result in microcephaly where children have abnormally small heads/brains

27
Q

Neuronal Migration

A

neurons move in wavelike fashion to the correct position in cerebral hemispheres
- chemical reeling signals them where to stop

28
Q

When does neuronal migration end

A

about 20 weeks GA and once it stops the 6 layers of cerebral cortex are established

29
Q

Cortical organization & Synapse formation

A

Once neurons are at their intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons
- synaptogenesis
- synaptic pruning

30
Q

synaptogenesis

A

synapses begin to form between neurons

31
Q

synaptic pruning

A

eliminates unneeded connections

32
Q

Myelination

A
  • neuron axons are coated with myelin
  • takes about a year after birth to reach its peak
  • infants gain greater control of their body & communicate verbally
33
Q

Failure during myelination

A

hypomyelination: reduced ability to form myelin and can lead to intellectual disability

34
Q

Adolescent brain

A
  • profound brain development that is not complete until age 25
  • includes synaptic pruning and thinning of gray matter
  • very plastic
  • explains behavior
35
Q

During adolescence teens rely on..

A

feelings/impulses more than logic/planning

  • age 10-11 for girls
  • age 11-12 for boys
36
Q

Aging and the brain

A
  • lose neural circuits
  • lose plasticity
  • cortex thins due to dendrite thinning
  • neurotransmitter levels & receptor sites decrease

^ can lead to loss of memory, attn, learning, language

Neural Processes (13 decks)

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