The Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 1

What is the name of the small dips in the surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 1

Sulci

Question 2

What is the name of the larger dips on the surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 2

Fissure

Question 3

What is the name of the cavity in each ventricle?

Answer 3

Lateral ventricle

Question 4

What is the name of the large dip down the centre of the cerebrum

Answer 4

Medial longitudinal fissure

Question 5

What is the faux cerebri?

Answer 5

The fold of the dura as it dips into the median longitudinal fissure

Question 6

What is the innermost meninge of the brain?

Answer 6

Pia matter

Question 7

What dip separates the temporal lobe form the frontal lobe laterally?

Answer 7

Lateral sulcus

Question 8

What dip continues from the lateral sulcus over the superior part of the cerebrum to join the other lateral sulcus and separate the parietal and frontal lobes coronally?

Answer 8

Central sulcus

Question 9

What is the area just anterior of the central sulcus not he surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 9

Precentral gyrus

Question 10

What is the area just posterior to the central sulcus on the surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 10

Postcentral gyrus

Question 11

What dip can be seen when the brain is cross-sectioned in the midline separating the parietal and occipital lobes?

Answer 11

Pareto-occipital sulcus

Question 12

What is the c-shaped structure or bridge in the centre of the brain?

Answer 12

Corpus collosum

Question 13

What is the dip that runs around and in line with the corpus colloum in the midline orientation?

Answer 13

Cingulate sulcus

Question 14

What is the insula?

Answer 14

The insula, part of the temporal lobe - can only be seen on resection of the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 15

What are the sections of the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

superior, inferior, inferior frontal gyri

Question 16

What are the sections of the parietal lobe?

Answer 16

Superior, inferior parietal lobule

Question 17

What are the sections of the temporal lobe?

Answer 17

Superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri

Question 18

What Brodmann’s Areas?

Answer 18

52 sections of the cortex divided on th e basis of histology that are used to describe locations on the cortex

Question 19

In basic terms what is the motor area of the brain?

Answer 19

Anterior part of cerebrum

Question 20

On basic terms what is the sensory part of the cerebrum?

Answer 20

Posterior part of cerebrum

Question 21

Which areas of the brain receive the initial sensory information?

Answer 21

Primary sensory areas

Question 22

Where is the primary motor cortex? What is its latin name?

Answer 22

In the precentral gyrus
Motor homunculus
Each part of the body represented somatotrophically

Question 23

What are areas 44 and 45 found anterior to the pre central gyrus?

Answer 23

The inferior frontal gyrus or Broca’s Area

Question 24

What are the primary sensory areas of the parietal lobe?

Answer 24

1,2,3 - receive the sensations from the body somatotrophically
Sensory homunculus

Question 25

What is hemisensory neglect?

Answer 25

Neglect of actions and senses one one side of the body due to insult to the primary sensory are of the parietal lobe

Question 26

What are the primary auditory association areas?

Answer 26

Areas 41 and 42.

Question 27

What is a feature of the primary auditory association areas in the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 27

Wernicke's Area is present. This deals with understanding of the spoken word

Question 28

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 28

The visual cortex - processing of visual images

Question 29

What is the function of the limbic "lobe"

Answer 29

A functional area of the cerebral hemisphere in the medial plane. Primarily responsible for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 30

What makes up the limbic area?

Answer 30

Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygalda

Question 31

What is the main motor speech area?

Answer 31

Broca's area

Question 32

What is aphasia?

Answer 32

Problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas of the brain

Question 33

What are the two kinds of aphasia?

Answer 33

Broca's aphasia | Wernicke's aphasia

Question 34

What are the features of Broca's aphasia?

Answer 34

Understanding of speech, able to say key words but misses small words so context often lost. Often due to damage of the frontal lobe and frequently presents with weakness of one side of the body

Question 35

What are the features of Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 35

Fluent speech but with meaningless words. No understanding of speech. Often due to damage of the temporal lobe, rarely presents with paralysis

Question 36

What are the three types of myelinated axon fibres in the white matter?

Answer 36

Commisural, association, projection

Question 37

What are the commisural fibres?

Answer 37

Fibres which connect the two hemispheres of the cerebrum (corpus callosum)

Question 38

What are the association fibres?

Answer 38

Fibres which connect areas of the hemispheres

Question 39

What are the projection fibres?

Answer 39

Fibres which run between the cortex and other subcortical centres either taking motor fibres away from the cortex or sensory fibres towards the cortex

Question 40

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 40

A group of projection fibres passing to nd from a real of the cortex via a narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

Question 41

What is the clinical significance of the internal capsule?

Answer 41

It derives blood supply from the middle cerebral artery and is frequently affected in stroke

Question 42

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 42

They are subcortical nuclei (collections of neuronal cell bodies in the grey matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere

Question 43

What three structures make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 43

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 44

What relation does the substantia nigra have to the basal ganglia?

Answer 44

As it is in the midbrain, it is not anatomically part of it but functionally it is part of the ganglia

Question 45

Describe the anatomy of the basal ganglia

Answer 45

Caudate is most superior and has a tail, putamen is the most lateral part and is attached to the global pallidus

Question 46

Describe the functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 46

The caudate nucleus and putamen are the input regions that receive input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex and thalamus They are then connected to the output regions - global pallidus and substantia negra Global pallid us then projects to the thalamus, which sends fibres to the motor area of the cortex

Question 47

What is the major function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 47

To regulate initiation and and termination of movements

Question 48

What is another name for the basal ganglia?

Answer 48

The extrapyramidal system

Question 49

What are some pathologies of the basal ganglia?

Answer 49

Parkinson's, chorea, athetosis