Retinal Disorders

Question 1

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

Answer 1

The fovea

Question 2

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

Answer 2

The periphery

Question 3

Describe the principle of electrophysiology

Answer 3

A series of investigation recording electrical signals for the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

Question 4

What is an electroretinogram?

Answer 4

A test to measure retinal function. It records APS within the retina, measures a-waves and b-waves

Question 5

Where do the a-waves detected in electroretinogram originate?

Answer 5

Photoreceptors

Question 6

Where do the b-waves detected in electroretinograms originate

Answer 6

Muller’s cells

Question 7

What is an electro-oculgram?

Answer 7

It measures the function of RPE and photoreceptors via the resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors

Question 8

What are visually evoked potentials?

Answer 8

A test to measure optic nerve function - it measures electrical activity int he visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

Question 9

Can can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

Answer 9

Reduced cell number

Ischaemic/traumatic optic neuropathy

Question 10

What can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

Answer 10

Reduced cell function

Optic neuritis demyelination

Question 11

Give the common causes of central retinal vein occlusion

Answer 11

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

Question 12

Give the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 12

Emboli (carotids/heart)

Inflammation

Question 13

What are the two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

Answer 13

Arteritic (AION)

Non-Arteritic (NAION)

Question 14

What are the symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?

Answer 14

Headache
Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication
Neck pain
Nausea/anorexia
Loss of vision

Question 15

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

Answer 15

The periphery

Question 16

Describe the principle of electrophysiology

Answer 16

A series of investigation recording electrical signals for the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

Question 17

What is an electroretinogram?

Answer 17

A test to measure retinal function. It records APS within the retina, measures a-waves and b-waves

Question 18

Where do the a-waves detected in electroretinogram originate?

Answer 18

Photoreceptors

Question 19

Where do the b-waves detected in electroretinograms originate

Answer 19

Muller’s cells

Question 20

What is an electro-oculgram?

Answer 20

It measures the function of RPE and photoreceptors via the resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors

Question 21

What are visually evoked potentials?

Answer 21

A test to measure optic nerve function - it measures electrical activity int he visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

Question 22

Can can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

Answer 22

Reduced cell number

Ischaemic/traumatic optic neuropathy

Question 23

What can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

Answer 23

Reduced cell function

Optic neuritis demyelination

Question 24

Give the common causes of central retinal vein occlusion

Answer 24

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

Question 25

Give the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 25

Emboli (carotids/heart) | Inflammation

Question 26

What are the two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

Answer 26

Arteritic (AION) | Non-Arteritic (NAION)

Question 27

What are the symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?

Answer 27

``` Headache Scalp tenderness Jaw claudication Neck pain Nausea/anorexia Loss of vision ```

Question 28

Give some symptoms of optic neuritis?

Answer 28

``` Pain on movement Reduced vision Red desaturation Central scotoma Relative afferent pupil defect Swollen optic disk ```

Question 29

What is age-related macular degeneration?

Answer 29

The majority of people affected are over 60, is a progressive loss of central vision. Two types - dry and wet

Question 30

What are the risk factors for age-related macular degeneration?

Answer 30

Age Smoking Poor diet

Question 31

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 31

Damage to the retina caused by diabetes, occurs in 80% of patients who have had diabetes for over 10 years, leads eventually to blindness

Question 32

What are the signs of diabetic retinopathy on visualisation?

Answer 32

Cotton wool spots Visible exudates Vascular anomalies - venous beading, ischaemia

Question 33

What are retinal dystrophies?

Answer 33

A series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

Question 34

What are the two kinds of retinal dystrophies?

Answer 34

Photoreceptor dystrophies - ERG reduced | RPE-dystrophies - EOG reduced