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Neurology > Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the divisions of the nervous system

A 
CNS (brain & spinal cord) ->
PNS (cranial & spinal nerves) ->
Sensory (afferent) 
Motor (efferent) ->
Somatic Motor
Autonomic -> 
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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2
Q

Describe neurons

A

Structural and fictional units of the NS. They are excitable, their impulses are carried as action potentials

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3
Q

Describe glial cells

A

Non-excitable supporting cells, they are much smaller than neurons

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4
Q

What is the basic anatomy of a typical neuron?

A

Contains multiple dendrites and one axon

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5
Q

What are the cell organelle of a neuron?

A

Mitochondria, rER, diffuse Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

Is the metabolic rate of neurons high or low?

A

High

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the cell body called?

A

Perikaryon

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the axon called?

A

Axoplasm

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9
Q

Are neurons amitotic?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is the determining factor in the regrowth of axons?

A

If only the axons are damaged, there is potential for them to grow back, but if the corresponding cell body is damaged, the axons cannot regrow

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11
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

To increase conduction speed across axons

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12
Q

How are the myelin sheaths formed?

A

PNS - Schwann cells

CNS - Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Describe the process of axon myelination

A

Schwann cells wrap around the axons
A mesaxon is formed
The cytoplasm of the Schwann cell gets extruded leaving only the cell membrane

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14
Q

Outline the features of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Loss of myelin sheath in patches, results in abnormal axon conduction
Cause is unknown (idiopathic)
MRI shows whitish plaques of demyelination
Prognosis variable
Scotland has the highest incidence in the world

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15
Q

What are the three kinds of neuron?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

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16
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Olfactory mucosa, retinal nerve fibres

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17
Q

What type of neurons are sensory?

A

Pseudounipolar

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18
Q

What type of neurons are interneurons and motor neurons?

A

Multipolar

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19
Q

In what direction does the impulse travel in in the multipolar nerurons?

A

From the dendrites via the cell body and along the axon

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20
Q

In wat direction do the impulses travel in unipolar neurons?

A

From the dendrites along the axon to the cell body and then along the rest of the axon

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21
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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22
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Surrounding the neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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23
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes

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24
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Have end feet which surround synapses and capillaries. They help in potassium buffering

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25
Q

What is the function of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

A

Myelination

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26
Q

What is the function of the ependymal cells in the CNS?

A

Lining vesicles

27
Q

What are the functions of the microglia in the CNS?

A

Phagocytosis, scar tissue formation

28
Q

What are myelin sheaths made of?

A

Cell membrane

29
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Lipids (fats)

30
Q

What colour are fats?

A

Yellow/White

31
Q

How do myelinated axons together look in terms of colour?

A

White

32
Q

What colour do bundles or neurones/non-myelinated axons look?

A

Grey

33
Q

What do diffuse bundles of cell bodies and non-myelinated axons in the CNS form?

A

Grey matter

34
Q

What do localised collections of cell bodies and non-myelinated axons in the CNS form?

A

Nucleii

35
Q

What do diffuse collections of myelinated axons in the CNS form?

A

White matter

36
Q

What do localised collections of myelinated axons in the CNS form?

A

Tracts

37
Q

What do myelinated axons in the PNS form?

A

Nerves

38
Q

What do cell bodies in the PNS form?

A

Ganglia

39
Q

Describe the formation of the nervous system

A

Surface ectoderm of the embryo develops into a thickening called a neural groove and eventually tube
This goes on to form the nervous system

40
Q

Describe the formation of the vesicles

A

When the neural tube is formed, it divides into three primary vesicles in week 4. It then divides further into two tertiary vesicles in week 5
These vesicles develop into the adult brain

41
Q

What are the derivatives of the telencephalon (first two lateral vesicles)?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia

42
Q

What are the derivatives of the Diencephalon? (third vesicle)

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

43
Q

What are the derivatives of the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

44
Q

What are the derivatives of the metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum

45
Q

What are the derivatives of the myelencephalon? (fourth vesicle)

A

Medulla

46
Q

What do the ventricles contain?

A

CSF

47
Q

Describe the lateral ventricles

A

C-shaped cavities which lie in the cerebral hemispheres

48
Q

What is the inter ventricular foramen?

A

Connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle, the cavity within the diencephalon

49
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?

A

In the midbrain

50
Q

What shape is the 4th ventricle and where does it lie?

A

Diamond shaped, hindbrain

51
Q

What is the inner layer covering of the CNS?

A

The pia mater, it is thin and vascular

52
Q

What is the middle layer covering the CNS?

A

The arachnoid matter, it is spider-web like

53
Q

What is the outer layer covering the CNS? What feature does it have?

A

The dura mater, it is thick and tough

Dural folds

54
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

A potential space traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

55
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

56
Q

What is CSF?

A

Fluid found in the ventricles and central canal, responsible in part for maintenance of intracranial pressure
Also present between the pia and arachnoid coverings of the meninges

57
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

The choroid plexus

58
Q

How is SCF absorbed?

A

By the arachnoid villa

59
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

60
Q

What are the key folds of the dura?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

61
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids and ions entering the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain

62
Q

What is the BBB made up of?

A

Endothelium - tight junctions
Thick basal lamina
Foot processes of astrocytes

63
Q

Where in the brain is the BBB absent?

A

Parts of the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

64
Q

What is the clinical significance of the BBB in terms of drugs?

A

Plays a major role in delivery to CNS. Drugs must be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors

Neurology (42 decks)

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