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ANAT 321 > The cerebellum > Flashcards

The cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum - Prominence

A

Accounts for 10% of total brain volume but more than HALF of the brain’s neurons

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2
Q

Cerebellar cortex - Key things

A

1) Consists of large number of virtually identical functional units suggesting that it performs similar functional operations on different inputs
2) It receives massive input from sensory systems and from systems involved in planning and execution of movement
3) Forms loops with premotor and motor systems of cerebral cortex and brainstem that are involved in controlling movement. It also has reciprocal connections with association cortex, especially in the frontal lobes
4) Synaptic transmission in the cerebellum is subject to modification (long term depression) which is thought to be important for motor learning

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3
Q

Damage to cerebellum causes…

A

Ataxia
Intention tremors
Decomposition of movements

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4
Q

Ataxia

A

Abnormalities in execution of voluntary movements. Lack of coordination

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5
Q

Intention tremors

A

Tremors DURING movements (diff from Parkinson’s) Most noticeable at the end of a movement

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6
Q

Decomposition of movement

A

Fragmentation of complex movements that are normally carried out in a smooth coordinated fashion

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7
Q

Folia

A

Folds in cerebellum
Increase the surface area of the cerebellar cortex

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8
Q

Flocculonodular region

A

Old structure
Balance and eye movements
Flattened under cerebellum

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9
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Intermediate hemisphere - Vermis - Intermediate hemisphere
Gets most its inputs from spinal cord
Outputs go to brainstem and down spinal cord
Coordination of limbs

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10
Q

Vermis

A

Worm
Posture control

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11
Q

Intermediate hemispheres

A

Control limbs

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12
Q

Lateral hemisphere

A

Cerebrocerebellum
Communicates with cortex
Much bigger in humans
Some cognitive functions

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13
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

Connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
Superior peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Inputs from spinal cord (directly and through brainsten) and vestibular nuceli

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15
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Huge ones
Inputs from cerebral cortex by way of PONTINE (pons) nucleus

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16
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

The output of cerebellum to brainstem and thalamus

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17
Q

Deep nuclei

A

Inputs to the cerebellum project to both the cortex and the deep nuclei
Outputs from the cortex project to the deep nuclei, which, in turn, form the outputs of the cerebellum

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18
Q

Fastigial

A

Outputs from Vermis, most medial pathways, balance and posture

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19
Q

Interposed

A

Inputs from intermediate hemispheres
Outputs go for cortex and rubrospinal tract limb control

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20
Q

Dentate nucleus

A

Go back up to thalamus and then to cerebral cortex

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21
Q

What is between molecular layer and granule cell layer in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cell layer!!

22
Q

How many layers in cerebellar cortex?

A

3

23
Q

Half the neurons in your brain are…

A

Cerebellar granule cells

24
Q

Purkinje cell dendrites are in…

A

the molecular layer

25
Q

5 types of neurons found in cerebellar cortex

A
  • Purkinje cells
  • Granule cell
    Three inhibitory interneurons:
  • golgi cells
  • stellate cells
  • basket cells
26
Q

1 mossy fiber makes connections with a few granule cells

A

Granule cell axon goes up to molecular layer and then head in opposite directions
Extend through dendrites of purkinje cells: these are called parallel fibers, extend half a centimeter and extend through hundreds of purkinje cells and makes excitatory synapses on all of these purkinje dendtrites

27
Q

Where do mossy fibers make excitatory connections?

A

Granule cells
Deep cerebellar nuclei

28
Q

Bundles of parallel fibers that excite the dendrites of Purkinje cells and basket cells?

A

Beams

29
Q

Basket cell effect on Purkinje cells

A

Inhibit Purkinje cells on the parallel beam

30
Q

Simple spikes

A

In Purkinje cells. Modulated by sensory stimuli and voluntary movements

31
Q

Inferior olive

A

Source of climbing fibers

32
Q

Climbing fiber

A

Makes direct synapse on…Purkinje cells
Results in very powerful excitation
When climbing fiber fires AP purkinje cell fires AP

33
Q

Climbing fibers generate…

A

Complex spikes
Large prolonged depolarization caused by voltage-gated calcium channels and smaller sodium spikes

34
Q

Golgi cells

A

Granule layer
Axons extend into molecular layer and are excited by purkinje cells
Golgi cells inhibit granule cells

35
Q

Stellate cells

A

In molceular layers
Inhibit purkinje cells

36
Q

Basket cells

A

molecular layer
activated by parallel fibers

37
Q

Flocullonodular lobe

A

Input from vestibular system and visual system
balance

38
Q

Spinocerebllum

A

Vermis
Balance and posture

39
Q

Where does vermis project?

A

Fastigial nucleus
Involved in what? Posture

40
Q

Ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus

A

relays cerebellar info

41
Q

After the vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus, where does the fastigial nucleus project to and what tract? Mainly involved in what?

A

Vestibular nuclei: Vestibulospinal tract
Reticular formation: Reticulospinal tract
Mainly involved in posture

42
Q

Intermediate hemispheres project to where before they go to M1?

A

Interposed nuclei
Magnocellular red nucleus

43
Q

Magnocellular red nucleus

A

Rubrospinal tract
Control of limb movements

44
Q

Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum form…

A

cerebrocerebellum

45
Q

Feedback control

A

AFTER error has been made

46
Q

Feedforward control

A

Anticipating that error will come, contracting

47
Q

Intention tremor and cause

A

Have feedback control but not feedforward control
INACTIVATED DEEP NUCLEI

48
Q

Efference copy comes down to cerebellum

A

Cerebellum gets the motor command of what you were trying to do and what you did

49
Q

Long term depression - synapses that get weaker

A

Get weaker if active during complex spike

50
Q

The hypothesis of Improvement in movement

A

Complex spikes, through long-term depression eliminate simple spikes that create movement errors, creating an accurate model
Complex spike spikes when incorrect and then that simple spike is eliminated

ANAT 321 (17 decks)

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