Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 321 > More Brainstem > Flashcards

More Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Increases heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Vagus nerve - cranial nerve
Decreases heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sympathetic output

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parasympathetic output

A

Come from brainstem cranial nerves
Output that controls visceral organs is mostly vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Preganglionic neurons leave spinal cord how?

A

Leave through ventral roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autonomic outputs from central nervous system to the target organs there are how many neurons in the outputs?

A

2 neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1st neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

Autonomic neurons that leave the CNS and go out to the periphery to make synapses with the 2nd neuron in the pathway which is the post ganglionic neuron and that goes out to the target (e.g heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does acetylcholine activate on postganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do post ganglionic neurons release after nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are activated?

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does norepinephrine activate?

A

alpha - a and beta - B adrenergic receptors on the target organs (e.g heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from?

A

From the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How far to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons extend? What extends the remaining distance?

A

ALMOST all the way to their peripheral target (e.g heart)
Parasympathetic POSTganglionic neurons extend the remaining short distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reticular formation

A

Central core of gray matter(cell bodies, dendrites and synapses) in the brainstem
It is there all the way through the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is it called the reticular formation?

A

Because it didnt look organized but now we know it is organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Integrative functions of brainstem in which the reticular formation is involved

A

Stereotyped motor responses
Autonomic functions
Ascending arousal (reticular activating system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Behaviour levels lowest to highest

A

Lowest - Spinal cord: Protective reflexes, locomotion (walking)
Middle - Brainstem: Stereotyped behaviors (e,g facial expressions and defensive behavior)
Highest - Cerebral Cortex (Complex, Voluntary behavior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Periaqueductal grey in the brainstem does what

A

Coordinates behavioral responses
E.g a cat will have its pupils dilate, hair stands on end, arches back and starts hissing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Periaqueductal grey and pain signals coming up from the spinal cord?

A

Suppresses pain signals coming up from the spinal cord.
Makes humans not feel pain but also makes them really anxious

21
Q

Reticular formation

A

Central core of gray matter

22
Q

What happens to grey matter as we get more rostral in the brainstem?

A

Grey matter gets more distorted

23
Q

Ascending Arousal System

A
24
Q

Need input from where to remain conscious?

A

Brainstem

25
Q

EEG

A

Electrodes on surface of skull to record electrical activity in the brain
Records average behavior of all neurons in the electrodes area

26
Q
A
26
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q

EEG oscillations in sleep

A

Characteristic, rhythmic oscillations and amplitude becomes very large

28
Q

Why is amplitude so large?

A

Rhythmic bursts
All neurons fire at the same time

29
Q

Ventral pathway of arousal system

A

Axons go all the way up to cerebral cortex and all around

30
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

Goes from brainstem up to thalamus and neurons in thalamus project all over cerebral cortex

31
Q

Where do norepinephrine neurons originate

A

Locus Coeruleus

32
Q

Where is the Locus coeruleus?

A

Pons

33
Q

Neuromodulators activated G coupled protein receptors - metabotropic

A

Causes long lasting global changes

34
Q

Norepinephrine neurons fire most when?

A

Awake

35
Q

Firing is low in…

A

Slow wave sleep

36
Q

There is no firing in…

A

REM

37
Q

NE neuron firing correlates with attention level. TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

When attention needs to be redirected such as when there is a novel event what happens?

A

Burst of action potentials in NE neurons

39
Q

3 states of NE neurons correlating to attention:

A

1) Inattentive, non-alert
2) Focused Attention
3) Scanning

40
Q

Scanning

A

NE neurons firing like crazy

41
Q

Where does dopamine originate?

A

Substantia nigra
AND
Ventral tegmental area(VTA)

42
Q

Dopamine function

A

Learning
Pleasure

43
Q

Where does acetylcholine originate?

A

Basal forebrain

44
Q

Where do acetylcholine neurons project to?

A

Cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala

45
Q

Histamine

A

Wakes you up

46
Q

Where does serotonin originate?

A

Brainstem raphe nuclei

ANAT 321 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions