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ANAT 321 > Motor systems > Flashcards

Motor systems Flashcards

1
Q

Movement starts with an internal representation (the goal of the intended movement)

A

And translates it into the appropriate into the appropriate motor commands to achieve the goal

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2
Q

Motor system has hierarchical and parallel organization

A

Motor cortex -> brainstem -> spinal cord

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3
Q

What works in parallel w motor cortex and brainstem?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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4
Q

The abstract aspects of action are

A

ROSTRAL

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5
Q

Specific action required to achieve abstract goal are

A

CAUDAL

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6
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Involved in action

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7
Q

Area 4

A

M1
Most directly involved in controlling movement

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8
Q

Area 6

A

Lateral premotor cortex

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9
Q

SMA and pre-SMA

A

Supplemental motor area

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10
Q

Pre-motor cortex/SMA

A

Control organization and control of movements

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11
Q

Motor cortex controls ipsilateral or contralateral muscles?

A

Contralateral

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12
Q

Individual motor neurons fire…

A

Just before and during movement

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13
Q

Reciprocal connections b/w the parietal lobe and the premotor cortex mediate…

A

Sensory-motor transformations

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14
Q

Sensory-motor transformations

A

The computations that enable sensory info to guide interactions w objects in the environment

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15
Q

What network is involved in directing arm movements towards objects

A

Parietal, dorsal premotor cortex and M1

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16
Q

Peripersonal spatial map

A

Used to guide goal-directed movements
Many neurons in parietal lobe respond to both tactile and visual stimuli with receptive fields that are spatially in register
These neurons are thought to be involved construction of a peripersonal spatial map

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17
Q

Ventral premotor neurons (vPMC) respond to…

A

preferred shapes

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18
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Discovered in premotor cortex.
Respond when monkey reaches for an object AND when he watches the experimenter reaches for the object
They do not respond to the object alone or to non-goal directed movements of the experimenter’s arm

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19
Q

Do primary motor cortex neurons activate contralateral and/or ipsilateral motor neurons?

A

Contralateral

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20
Q

Do premotor cortex neurons activate contralateral and/or ipsilateral motor neurons?

A

Can be both!

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21
Q

When do premotor neurons fire?

A

During movements and during an imposed delay prior to the movement
This suggests they are involved in planning and preparation to move
CUE ——– REACH

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22
Q

When do neurons in primary motor cortex fire?

A

Before and during voluntary movements of contralateral muscles

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23
Q

Monkey: Cue vs reach

A

Pre-motor neuron goes nuts for cue AND for reach, yellow and green dot

24
Q

Mirror neurons respond to …

A

Purposeful goal directed movements
Understand the intentions of others

25
Q

Mirror neurons in Autists

A

Not great

26
Q

SMA and pre-SMA

A

pre-SMA: Linking movement to higher order executive functions
Linking together Complex Movement sequences
Activating the movement
Implicated in internally generated movements/Volitional movements

27
Q

When SMA is damaged…

A

Alien Limb Syndrome

28
Q

Alien limb syndrome

A

A limb just acts on its own but does purposeful movements , e.g take of glasses
OR loss of spontaneous movement

29
Q

Sequential finger movent

A

SMA is activated along with hand part of S1 and M1

30
Q

Single finger flexion

A

Just S1 and M1

31
Q

Mental rehearsal of sequential movement

A

ONLY SMA gets activated

32
Q

Turn, Push, Pull

A

SMA neuron is active prior to third movement in the sequence regardless of what the movement is

33
Q

Readiness Potential (Berietschaftspotential)

A

EEG signal that is recorded before the medial frontal lobes (SMA) of humans
Around 1 sec before voluntary movements

34
Q

What region is most directly connected to movement?

A

M1

35
Q

How much does M1 contribute to cortical motor output?

A

1/3 of cortical motor output to brainstem and spinal cord
Remainder comes largely from premotor cortex, SMA and S1

36
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Projections from motor cortex to spinal cord form Corticospinal tract

37
Q

Projections from motor cortex to the brainstem form the…

A

Corticobulbar tract

38
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

Formed by internal capsule

39
Q

Pyramids

A

Come after cerebral peduncles

40
Q

Pyramidal decusation

A

fibers cross over to contralateral side

41
Q

Midbrain: Corticospinal tract

A

Corticospinal tract (cerebral penduncles)
At the left bottom and right bottom
Very big

42
Q

Pons

A

Corticospinal tract is more in middle

43
Q

Rostral medulla

A

Corticospinal tract(cerebral penducles) is at the bottom

44
Q

Caudal medulla

A

At the bottom

45
Q

Corticospinal tract AKA…

A

Cerebral penducles

46
Q

Lesioning the pyramids of a monkey…

A

Monkey will be paralyzed BUT will recover functions EXCEPT it will lose control of individual fingers
This indicated that there are alternative parallel pathways for controls of voluntary movement

47
Q

Brainstem

A

Controls stereotyped movements of the head (e.g facial expressions, chewing, gag reflex)
Through descending connections w the spinal cord it contributes to the control of voluntary movements of the body

48
Q

Anything to do with cranial nerves involved in voluntary movements of the head?

A

Some corticobulbar projections control these

49
Q

Medial brainstem pathways

A

Innervate axial muscles that control posture and balance
Travel down the ventral spinal cord white matter and terminate in ventromedial regions of the cord gray matter
1)Vestibulospinal tract
2)Tectospinal tract
3)Reticulospinal tract

50
Q

Main lateral pathway

A

Rubrospinal tract

51
Q

What in the brainstem is the origin of the rubrospinal tract?

A

red nucleus of the midbrain

52
Q

Rubrospinal tract…

A

Contributes to control of voluntary limb movements

53
Q

Rubrospinal fibers descend…

A

In the contralateral dorsolateral column of the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsolateral gray matter

54
Q

Spinal cord

A

Descending projections terminate on spinal cord PREMOTOR neurons or directly on ventral horn motor neurons
The direct connections may be especially important for control of individual digits

55
Q

Central pattern generators

A

Intrinsic circuitry of the spinal cord
Walking, swimming fish

56
Q
A

ANAT 321 (17 decks)

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