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ANAT 321 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Four interconnected subcortical nuclei, involved in voluntary movement, cognition and emotion

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2
Q

Curvy thing

A

Caudate nucleus

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3
Q

Go memorize the different images of coronal brain cuts

A
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4
Q

Internal capsule separates…

A

Caudate from Putamen, globus pallidus

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5
Q

Loop

A

Basal Ganglia-> Thalamus -> Cortex -> Basal ganglia - > thalamus -> cortex

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6
Q

Caudal nucleus is…

A

very big in rostral section

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7
Q

Whats right under/side of the internal capsule?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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8
Q

Lateral walls of lateral ventricles…

A

Caudate nucleus

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9
Q

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

A

Specific relay nuclei that connect the cerebellum and basal ganglia w motor cortex

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10
Q

Direct pathway of basal ganglia’s modulation of activity of thalamic neurons

A

Facilitates movement

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11
Q

Indirect pathway of basal ganglia’s modulation of activity of thalamic neurons

A

Inhibits movement

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12
Q

Putamen and Caudate nucleus

A

Inputs for Basal ganglia

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13
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Mostly involved in cognition

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14
Q

Putamen

A

Mostly movement

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15
Q

Thalamus to cortex? Inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Excitatory

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16
Q

Cortex to putamen

A

Excitatory

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17
Q

Almost all connections of basal ganglia are..

A

inhibitory

18
Q

Globus pallidus is…

A

Output structure of Basal Ganglia
There is internal and external segment
Internal segment is output back to the thalamus

19
Q

If you are not moving then the inhibitory neurons in the globus palidus internal segment…

A

Are firing like crazy
therefore less excitation of cortex

20
Q

Cortex excites neurons in putamen

A

Putamens inhibitory neurons inhibit the GP so now thalamus is not inhibited and can excited the cortex

21
Q

Indirect pathway

A

STN subthalamic nucleus neurons are excitatory and activate GP inhibitory firing which inhibits thalamus

22
Q

Substantia niagra

A

Dopamine neurons
Project to caudate nucleus and Putamen

23
Q

Dopamine effect on pathways

A

Excites direct pathway
Inhibits indirect pathway

24
Q

Action selection

A

Selecting appropriate movements
Inhibits incorrect movements

25
Q

Direct pathway could be on-signal
Indirect pathway could be off-signal

A
26
Q

Hypokinetic disorders

A

Parkinson’s
Abnormal function of the basal ganglia
Face lacks expression
When they walk they take little shuffling steps
Don’t move very much

27
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders

A

Huntington’s disease
Flailing movements

28
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Loss of dopaminergic input from substantia nigra
Reduces activity in the direct pathway and accentuate activity in the indirect pathway

29
Q

Dopamine promotes activity of direct pathway so if dopamine is not working well…

A

The direct pathway will not inhibit GP and thalamus will be more inhibited by inhibitory neurons of GP
Reduces activity in direct pathway
Increases activity in indirect pathway

30
Q

L-dopa precursor helps…

A

Parkinson’s

31
Q

Can try to lesion STN (subthalamic nucleus) for…

A

Parkinson’s

32
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Reduced activity in the indirect pathway
Direct pathway is intact
Normal inhibition to thalamus is decreased resulting in excessive unwanted movements

33
Q

Tonic output from the basal ganglia inhibits neurons in the …

A

Mesencephalic locomotion region (MLR)
Cortical motor commands for walking cause relief of this inhibition
MLR neurons activate decending medullary reticulospinal neurons which activate locomotion LCPattern Generators in the spinal cord

34
Q

Basal Ganglia comprises multiple parallel loops involved in

A

motor control
eye movements
motivation/emotion
cognition

35
Q

Basal ganglia play a role in stimulus-response learning and the transformation of consciously-mediated, goal-directed responses into automated habits

A
36
Q

Difference between Substantia Nigra pars Reticulada (not dopamine) vs Globus pallidus internal

A

They are the same except separated by the internal capsule

37
Q

Saccade system - 4 steps

A

1) Frontal eye field fires excitatory neurons that excite Caudate
2) Caudate fires inhibitory neurons that inhibit substantia nigra reticular
3)Substantia nigra reticular is inhibited and therefore stops inhibiting the superior colliculus
4) Superior colliculus fires and results in saccades

38
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex

A

Neurons in it fire suggesting they are holding the visual image in mind

39
Q

Baddeley and Hitch Model

A

Central executive –>
Visuospatial sketch pad
Phonological loop

40
Q
A

ANAT 321 (17 decks)

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