Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 207 > The Cell & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell & Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • synthesizes lipids, cholesterol, and steroid based hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rough ER

A
  • surface is rough with ribosomes
  • synthesizes proteins that will be secreted from the cell
  • synthesizes plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids
  • final protein produces are enclosed in vesicle and go to golgi apparatus for processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular material

A

substance found outside the cell
- extracellular fluid
- cellular secretions
- extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid: bathes cells
  • blood plasma: fluid of blood
  • cerebrospinal fluid - surrounds nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular secretions

A

extracellular material:
- gastric juice, mucus, saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • peripheral proteins
  • integral proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The cell theory

A
  • all cells come from pre existing cells
  • the cell = basic unit of life
  • all organisms are made of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

extracellular matrix

A

substance that acts as glue to hold substances together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 basic parts of human cell

A
  • nucleus: control center, contains DNA
  • plasma membrane: flexible outer-boundary
  • cytoplasm: intracellular fluid, contains cell organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • cell membrane
  • active barrier between intra/extracellular
  • consists of membrane lipids that form a flexible bilayer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fluid mosaic

A

specialized membrane proteins float through the fluid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chromatin

A
  • 30% strands of DNA
  • 60% histone proteins
  • 10% RNA
  • arranged in units called nucleosomes; DNA wrapped around histones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed and well packaged form of chromatin
* condensed state protects fragile chromatin threads during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nucleoli

A
  • Dark staining spherical bodies within nucleus
  • involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • encloses the nucleus
  • covered in nuclear pores that allow substances in/out of the nucleus
  • outer layer is continuous w rough ER
  • inner layer is called nuclear lamina; proteins that maintain the nuclear shape and acts as scaffolding for DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center, biggest organelle
  • contains blueprints for synthesizing nearly al cellular proteins
  • red blood cells don’t have nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cellular extensions

A
  • cilia(many) & flagella(1; tail-like): help cell to move
  • microvilli: suck things up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Centrioles

A
  • barrel shaped microtubular organelles - lie at right angles to each other
  • form basis of cilia and flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • cell center located near nucleus
  • microtubule organizing centers - consist of granular matrix + centrioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of rods that run through ctyosol
- 3 types
* microfilaments (strands of actin)
* intermediate filaments (ropes of tetramer)
* microtubules (tubes of tubulin)
- plays role in moving cell’s components (acts as ligaments, bones and muscles)
- motor proteins: powered by ATP, uses uses microtubules as tracks to move cargo on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • consists of ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes
  • work to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
  • degrade potentially harmful substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical connection: Tay Sachs disease

A
  • happens when a person lacks the lysosomal enzyme needed to break down glycolipids in brain cells
  • glycolipids build up in the developing brain + interfere w nervous system function
  • seizures, intellectual disability, blindness, and death before age 5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • cleaning crew (think Lysol)
  • spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolasis)
  • digest bacteria, viruses, toxins
  • degrade nonfuntional organelles
  • breakdown and release glycogen and Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • detoxify substances in the cell
  • think PEROXIDE (for cleaning wounds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Golgi Apparatus
- cell post office - modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER (in 3 steps)
26
Ribosomes
- in rough ER - made of protein + ribosomal RNA (rRNA) two types: - free ribosomes: free-floating sites of synthesis for soluble proteins that function in cytosol /other organelles - Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to membrane of ER, sites of synthesis for proteins incorporated into membranes and lysosomes or exported from the cell
27
Mitochondria
- power house of the cell - produces most of the cell's energy (ATP) - energy is produced through aerobic cellular respiration Cellular respiration: C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
28
Cytoplasmic organelles
membranous: - mitochondria - endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus - peroxisomes - lysosomes non-membranous - ribosomes - cytoskeleton - centrioles
29
cytoplasm
- cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus 3 parts - cytosol: gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules (proteins, salts, sugars) - Inclusions: insoluble molecules, vary with cell type (ex: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals) - organelles: metabolic machinery structures of the cell (each w a specialized function and either membranous or non membranous)
30
phospolipids
- phosphate heads: polar (charged) hydrophilic - fatty acid tails: nonpolar (uncharged) hydrophobic
31
glycolipids
lipids w sugar groups on the outer membrane surface that identify the cell
32
cholesterol
increases membrane stability - too much is bad because it will make it too stiff
33
integral proteins
- integrated in plasma membrane, very important - function as transport proteins - channels and carriers- enzymes or receptors
34
peripheral proteins
- loosely attached to integral proteins - include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support
35
glycocalyx
- made of sugars and sticking out of cell surface - some sugars attached to lipids (glycolipids) and some attached to proteins (glycoproteins) - the sugar coating functions for cell-to-cell recognition and allows the immune system to recognize self vs foe - organ rejection: when body recognizes glycoclayx as foreign
35
Tight junctions
integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form impermeable junctions around whole cell - fluid and molecules are prevented from moving in between the cells - ex: lining of the digestive tract(we don't want stomach acid to spread)
36
desmosomes
rivet-like cell junctions formed when linker proteins from neighboring cells interlock - like velcro - anchoring strength - skin and heart muscle because they have a little give and make sense for moving and avoiding tearing
37
gap junctions
- allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell - used to spread ions, simple sugars, and other molecules between cells - allows electrical signals to pass quickly from one cell to another - ex: cardiac and smooth muscle cells
38
Passive processes
no energy required
39
active processes
ATP (energy) required
40
Passive transport
- simple diffusion - active/facilitated diffusion - osmosis
41
diffusion
movement of molecules or ions from an area oh higher concentration to lower concentration - molecules move down their concentration gradient
42
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentrations
43
simple diffusion
- nonpolar, lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer
44
Facilitated (active) diffusion
hydrophobic molecules are transported passively by: - carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion: substances bind to specific, transmembrane protein carriers - channel-mediated facilitated diffusion: substances move through water-filled channels * saturation: binding has to wait for an available carrier (like waiting for a train at the station)
45
Osmosis
diffusion of a solvent (often water) across a selectively permeable membrane - water diffuses either directly through plasma membranes or through specific water channels called aquaporins
46
osmolarity
total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
47
equillibrium
state of the same concentration of solute and water molecules on both sides - volume may or may not be equal
48
isotonic solutions
- has same osmolarity as inside cell so cell has normal volume
49
hypertonic solution
- has higher osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows out of the cells, so the cells shrink (salty)
50
Hypotonic solutions
- has lower osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows into the cells, cells swell - can lead to lysis (cells swelling and then bursting)
51
Tonicity clinical connection
IV fluids like lactated ringers are isotonic so they can hydrate someone who is dehydrated
52
antiporters
transport 1 substance into a cell and 1 different substance out of a cell
53
symporters
transport 2 different substances in the same direction
54
primary active transport
energy required comes directly from the hydrolysis (adding water to break something apart) of ATP by transport proteins called pumps - ex: sodium potassium pump
55
Secondary active transport
driven by energy stored in the concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport - these systems always move more than one substance at a time (symporters) - the more we push out sodium the more it wants to come back in, and when it does it will bring sugar and other acids
56
sodium potassium pump
sodium is pumped out of a cell while potassium is pumped back into the cell (agains their concentration gradients)
57
Vesicular transport
transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across a membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles - requires cellular energy - 4 kinds * endocytosis (transport into cell): phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis * exocytosis (transport out of the cell) * transcytosis (transport into, across, and out of a cell * vesicular trafficking: transport from 1 area organelle within a cell to another area
58
interphase
cell grows and carries on its usual activites - dna replication
59
Mitotic phase
cell division
60
mitosis
division of nucleus - duplicated DNA is evenly distributed to the new daughter cells 4 stages of mitosis: - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase pmat
61
prophase
chromatin condenses and forms visible chromosomes - each chromosome and its duplicate (sister chromatid) are held together by a centromere - centrosomes push to opposite poles of the cell
62
metaphase
- two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell - centromeres of the chromosomes are precisely aligned at the cell's equator - metaphase plate: the imaginary plane midway between poles
63
anaphase
- shortest phase - centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously; each sister chromatid becomes a separate chromosome - chromosomes are pulled together towards their respective poles by the moto proteins of the kinetochores
64
telophase
- begins when chromosome movement stops - at opposite ends of the cell, each set of chromosomes uncoils to form chromatin - new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass; nucleoli reappear - spindles disappear
65
cytokinesis
- begins in late anaphase - ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow - two daughter cells are pinched apart
66
autophagy
when cells eat themselves or parts of themselves in order to dispose of non functional organelles
67
ubiquitin
unneeded or damaged proteins are marked for destruction by this protein - proteasomes disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins - component amino acids and ubiquitin are recycled
68
apoptosis
- programmed cell death - enzymes called caspases cause degradation of DNA and the cytoskeleton
69
cell differentiation
the development of specific and distinctive features in cells
70
hyperplasia
accelerated cell growth - increases cell numbers when needed
71
atrophy
a decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation / lack of use
72
telomeres
strings of nucleotides that protect the ends of chromosomes - like caps on show strings - w each cellular division, the telomere shortens
73
telomerase
the enzyme that lengthens telomeres - it is present in the germ cells of embryos, but absent in adult cells - present in cancer cells and makes them immortal

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions