Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

a group of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function
* four types:
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microscopy of human tissue

A

to be viewed under a microscope, human tissue must be:
- fixed
- sectioned
- stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscopy: fixed

A

preserved with solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microscopy: sectioned

A

cut into sections thin enough to transmit light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microscopy: stained

A

to enhance contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epithelial tissue/epithelium

A
  • a sheet of body cells that covers surfaces and/or body cavities
  • main functions: protect, absorb, filter, excrete, secrete, receive sensory input
  • 2 main forms:
  • covering/lining epithelium
  • glandular epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covering/lining epithelium

A

lines the body’s internal and external surfaces
- ex: skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

secretory tissue in glands
- ex: salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

5 distinguishing characteristics
- polarity
- specialized contacts (fit close together and form continuous sheets)
- avascular (no blood supply) but innervated (does have nerves)
- supported by connective tissue
- regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

polarity (characteristic)

A

epithelial tissue
(asymetrical arrangement of cell?)
- apical surface: free/upper side, contacts the cavity or external surface. usually smooth, sometimes covered in finger-like projections (not attached)
- basal surface: lower/attached side, faces inward to the body. attaches to the basal lamina - an adhesive sheet

  • both surfaces differ in structure and function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specialized contacts (characteristic)

A

epithelial tissue
- epithelial tissues often form continuous sheets and require close contact between adjacent cells
- specialized contact points include tight junctions and desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Supported by connective tissue (characteristic)

A

epithelial tissue
all epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue
- reticular lamina: deep to basal lamina, a network of collagen fibers (wax paper/sticker)
- basement membrane: made of basal + reticular lamina
* reinforces the epithelial sheet
* resists stretching and tearing
* defines the epithelial boundary
connective tissue is beneath (or deep to) basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

avascular (characteristic)

A

epithelial tissue
- no blood vessels are found in epithelial tissue
- epithelial tissue is nourished from underlying connective tissue
- it is innervated (has nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

regeneration (characteristic)

A

epithelial tissue
- high regenerative capacity - frequent exposure to friction and/or damaging substances
- regeneration is stimulated by the loss of the apical - basal polarity/breaks in lateral contacts
- regeneration requires nutrients and mitosis (cell regen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical connection: pressure sores

A
  • happens in immobile patients; bony parts (elbows, heels, etc.) are affected when there is pressure on these places for too long
  • stage 1: epidermis affected (abrasion)
  • stage 2: dermis (connective tissue)
  • stage 3: hypodermis (fat)
  • stage 4: muscle/bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Classifying epithelial tissue

A
  • two names: 1-# of cells, 2-cell shape
  • ex: stratified squamous
    layers
  • simple: 1 layer
  • stratified: many layers of cells
    cell shapes
  • squamous: flat, scale-like
  • cuboidal: box-like
  • columnar: tall, column-like
  • in stratified tissue cell shape may vary - name is given based on apical (top) layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

when simple columnar epithelia appears stratified because the nuclei are seen at different levels/heights
- involved in secretion and movement of mucus
- many cells are ciliated
- ex: upper respiratory tract, ducts of the large glands, testicular tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

simple squamous

A
  • description: flattened, cytoplasm is sparse, disc shaped nucleus
  • function: exist in places where rapid diffusion is essential
  • ex: kidneys, lungs, endothilium, mesothilium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

simple cuboidal

A
  • description: cubed shaped, height = width, large central nucleus
  • function: involved in secretion + absorption
  • ex: kidney tubules, walls of glandular ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

simple columnar

A
  • description: tall, closely packed, height>width, microvilli, cilia, or goblet cells might be present. round/oval shaped nuclei
  • function: involved in absorption + secretion of mucus, enzymes, other substances. cilia moves mucus
  • ex: digestive tract, glandular ducts, gallbladder, bronchi, uterine tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stratified epithelia

A
  • contains 2+ layers of cells
  • new cells regenerate from below - basal cells divide and migrate towards the surface
  • more durable than simple epithelia - function in protection / in places that we need protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stratified squamous

A

most common
- description: thick epithelium, apical cells are squamous, apical cells are sometimes dead and full of keratin, basal cells are cuboidal/columnar and metabolically active
- function: protect underlying tissues in areas often subject to abrasion
- ex: moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina, epidermis of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stratified cuboidal

A
  • description: quite rare, typically only 2 layers thick
  • function: typically serves to transition tissue types
  • ex: sweat glands, mammary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stratified columnar

A
  • description: rare, only apical layer is columnar
  • function: typically serves to transition tissue types
  • ex: pharynx, male urethra, lining of glandular ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

transitional epithelia

A
  • forms the lining of the hollow urinary organs-found in bladder, ureters, urethra
  • basal layers are cuboidal or columnar
  • ability of cells to change shape allows for increased urinary flow an/or increased filling of the organs/storage
  • think how the bladder expands to hold fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gland

A

1+ cell that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid - “a secretion”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

glandular epithelia

A

classified by:
1. site of product release
- endocrine: (ex. thyroid gland)
- exocrine: (ex. sweat gland)
2. relative # of cells involved
- unicellular (ex. goblet cell)
- multicellular (ex. salivary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • ductless glands; glands lost in development
  • secretions enter interstitial fluid and get picked up by cardiovascular system
  • secrete hormones (messenger chemicals that travel through lymph/blood to reach target organs)
  • ex. thyroid gland(secretes thyroid hormones), pituitary gland (secretes hormones like oxytocin and growth hormone)
  • hormones enter blood through connection to blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • secrete into ducts
  • secretions are released onto body surfaces (like skin) or into body cavities
  • more numerous than endocrine glands
  • can be unicellular or multicellular
  • ex. mucus, sweat, oil, salivary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A
  • found in epithelial lining of the inestinal and respiratory tracts
  • produce mucin - a protein that dissolves in water to produce mucus
  • mucus: slimy, protective, lubricating coating
  • ex. mucous cells, goblet cells
  • protects us from little particles we inhale
31
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • composed of a duct + secretory unit
  • typically surrounded and divided by supportive connective tissue that supplies both innervation and blood
  • classification by structure
    1. simple: unbranched ducts; compound: branched ducts
    2. tubular: secretory cells form a duct
    3. alveolar: secretory cells form sacs
  • classification by mode of secretion
    1. merocrine: exocytosis as products are produced
    2. holocrine: accumulate products -> rupture
    3. apocrine: accumulate products -> apex ruptures
32
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue
  • functions: binding, support, protection, insulation, reserve fuel, transportation of substance
  • four classes
    1. connective tissue proper
    2. cartilage
    3. bone
    4. blood
33
Q

qualities of connective tissue

A
  • a common embryonic origin - all connective tissue arises from MESENCHYME
  • varying degrees of vascularity (blood supply)
  • cartilage = avascular, blood = highly vascularized
  • cells are embedded/suspended in extra cellular matrix (ECM)
34
Q

ECM

A

extra cellular matrix
- a sugar protein mesh that allows cells to bear weight and withstand tension
- fibers + ground substance

35
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A

3 main elements
- ground substance
- fibers
- cells
ECM = ground substance + fibers
- composition and arrangement of the 3 elements varies greatly between different types of connective tissue

36
Q

ground substance

A
  • unstructured, gel-like, fills space between cells
  • medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
    components:
  • interstitial fluid
  • cell adhesion proteins
  • proteoglycans
  • water (varying amounts)
37
Q

connective tissue fibers

A

3 types
- collagen
- elastic
- reticular

38
Q

Collagen

A

strongest and most abundant - high tensile strength
- would withstand “tug of war” but does not withstand twisting and pulling from axis

39
Q

Elastic

A

networks of long, thin, elastin fibers
- allow for stretch and recoil

40
Q

reticular

A

short, fine, highly branched fibers
- offer give
- makes tissue more pliable

41
Q

connective tissue cells

A
  • blast cells
  • cyte cells
  • fat cells
  • white blood cells
  • mast cells
  • macrophages
42
Q

blast cells

A

immature cells that actively secrete ground substance and ECM fibers
- fibroblasts: found in connective tissue proper
- chondroblasts: found in cartilage
- osteoblasts: found in bone
- hemocytoblasts: found in bone marrow

43
Q

cyte cells

A

mature cells, less active than blast cells, become part of and maintain the ECM

44
Q

fat cells

A

store nutrients

45
Q

white blood cells

A

manage response to injury
- neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

46
Q

mast cells

A

initiate inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms

47
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that eat dead cells and microorganisms

48
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

includes all types of connective tissue except bone, cartilage, and blood
- two subclasses
1. loose connective tissue (LCT)
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
2. dense connective tissue (DCT)
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic

49
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

includes all types of connective tissue except bone, cartilage, and blood
- two subclasses:
1. loose connective tissue (LCT)
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
2. dense connective tissue (DCT)
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic

50
Q

LCT: areolar connective tissue

A
  • most widely distributed connective tissue - universal packing material
  • supports/bonds other tissues
  • contains fibroblasts that secrete a loose arrangement of collagen fibers
  • loose fibers allow for increased ground substance - increased capacity for holding water/interstitial fluid
  • macrophages and fat cells are contained in the spaces
51
Q

LCT: Adipose connective tissue

A

White fat:
- like areolar tissue but greater nutrient storage
- cells = adipocytes
- minimal matrix (minimal space between cells)
- richly vascularized
- functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
Brown fat:
- contains abundant mitochondria - uses lipid fuel to generate heat (not ATP)

52
Q

LCT: reticular connective tissue

A
  • resembles areolar tissue, but the fibers are thinner
  • reticular fibers form a mesh like stroma
  • stroma acts as a support for free blood cells, macrophages, and mast cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
53
Q

DCT: Regular Connective tissue

A
  • very high tensile strength
  • closely packed bundles of thick collagen fibers that run parallel to the direction of the pull
  • fibers appear white and slightly wavy
  • fibroblasts manufacture collagen fibers and ground substance
  • poorly vascularized
  • ex. tendons (bone-muscle) and ligaments (bone-bone)
  • clinical connection = ACL
54
Q

DCT

A
  • same elements as regular connective tissue but bundles of collagen are thicker and arranged irregularly
  • forms sheets
  • resists tension from many directions
  • found in: dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs
55
Q

DCT: elastic connective tissue

A
  • some ligaments are very elastic
  • ex. ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae
  • found in the walls of the large arteries
56
Q

Cartilage

A
  • stands up to both tension and compression
  • 80% water, packed with collagen fibers and sugar proteins
  • lacks innervation and is avascular - receives nutrients from surrounding membrane (perichondrium)
  • matrix is secreted by chondroblasts during growth and by chondrocytes in adults
    three types:
  • hyaline
  • elsatic
  • fibrocartilage
57
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most abundant in gristle
  • appears shiny, glassy, bluish
  • found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, ribs
58
Q

elastic

A
  • like hyaline but more elastic fibers
  • found in ears and epiglottic
59
Q

fibro cartilage

A
  • properties in between hyaline cartilage and dense regular tissue
  • found in knee and the invertebral discs
60
Q

Bone

A
  • also called osseous tissue
  • osteons: individual structural units
  • supports and protects body structures
  • richly vascularized
  • stores fat, synthesizes blood cells
  • matrix has more collagen than cartilage plus inorganic calcium salts
  • osteoblasts produce the matrix; osteocytes maintain the matrix
  • LACUNAE: cavities within the matrix - where osteocytes reside
61
Q

Blood

A
  • most atypical connective tissue
  • consists of blood cells surrounded by matrix
  • red blood cells are most abundant
  • fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting
  • functions: transportation of nutrients, wastes, gases, and other substances
62
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • highly vascularized
  • responsible for most types of movement
  • muscle cells possess myofilaments - elaborate networks of actin and myosin filaments
  • myofilaments facilitate muscle contraction
    3 types
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
63
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attaches to and creates movement of the bones
- voluntary (consciously controlled) muscle
cells = muscle fibers
- contain multiple nuclei
- appear striated or banded1

64
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • found only in the walls of the heart
  • involuntary muscle
  • appears striated, but the fibers contain only one nucleus
  • fibers are heavily branched and join the branches of the neighboring fibers
  • intercalated discs: special joints where cardiac muscle cells are joined
65
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • mainly found in the walls of the hollow organs
  • involuntary muscle
  • no visible striations
  • spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus
66
Q

nervous tissues

A

creates components of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
- regulated and controls the body functions
- two types of specialized cells
- neurons: nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
- glial cells: cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

67
Q

covering and lining membranes

A

composed of 2+ tissue types - epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper
- 3 types
1. cutaneous membranes
- mucus membranes
- serous membranes (lining cavities of the body and organ surfaces)

68
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

skin
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
- dry membrane

69
Q

mucous membrane

A
  • mucosae
  • epithelial sheet lies over a layer of loose connective tissue called a lamina propria
  • may secrete mucus
  • lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment - digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
  • moist membranes - bathed by secretions
70
Q

serous membranes

A
  • serosae
  • found in closed, ventral body cavities
  • constructed from a simple squamous epithelium (called mesothelium) lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
  • ex. pleurae (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdomen)
71
Q

tissue repair

A

when the body’s barriers are broken, inflammatory and immune responses are activated
- tissue repair starts very quickly
- repair is a function of the inflammatory process
- two methods of repair:
1. regeneration: destroyed tissue is replaced by the tissue of the same type; original function is restored
2. fibrosis: destroyed tissue is replaced by scar tissue (DCT); original function is lost

72
Q

3 steps of tissue repair

A
  1. inflammatory stage
    - inflammatory chemicals are released
    - blood vessels dilate and become more permeable
    - blood clots
  2. organization restores blood supply
    - blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue (new capillary-enriched tissue)
    - epithelium regenerates
    - fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap until regeneration is completed
    - debris is phagocytized
  3. regeneration and fibrosis
    - scab detaches
    - fibrous tissue matures
    - epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
  • result = fully regenerated epithelium and underlying scar tissue
73
Q

regenerative capacity

A
  • high capacity: epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue
  • moderate capacity: smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
  • low capacity: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions