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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Central Nervous System Part II Study Guide > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Part II Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

3 paired gray matter structures of the diencephalon. What is enclosed by these structures?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
- These structures enclose the 3rd ventricle

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2
Q

How are the 2 halves of the thalamus connected

A

Interthalamic adhesion

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3
Q

main function of the thalamus

A
  • To act as a relay station for information coming into the cortex
  • Overall, the thalamus acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
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4
Q

types of impulses being relayed to the thalamus

A

Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei
- Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulating emotion and visceral function
- Impulses from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices
- Impulses for memory and sensory integration that are projected to specific association cortices

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5
Q

mamillary bodies

A

important nuclei contained in the hypothalamus that are paired, pea like anterior nuclei that act as olfactory relay stations

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5
Q

Infundibulum

A

the stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland

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6
Q

main function of the hypothalamus

A

the body’s main visceral control and regulation center – it is vital for maintaining homeostasis

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7
Q

symptoms of hypothalamic disorder

A
  • Severe body wasting
  • Obesity
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Dehydration
  • Emotional imbalances
  • (hypothalamus can be damaged by tumors, radiation, surgery, or trauma)
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7
Q

pineal gland

A

In the epithalamus — Extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin, which helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle

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8
Q

3 regions of the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles
Cerebral aqueduct
Periaqueductal gray matter

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9
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

Two ventral bulges that contain pyramidal motor tracts and form the little pillars that hold up the cerebellum

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10
Q

What 2 things are connected by the cerebral aqueduct? What is contained within the cerebral aqueduct?

A
  • The 3rd and 4th ventricles
  • CSF
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10
Q

cranial nerves that originate from the midbrain

A

III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

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11
Q

corpora quadrigemina and it’s 2 component parts

A

Midbrain nuclei in the white matter: paired dorsal protrusions
- Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers that coordinate head + eye movements for visual tracking
- Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex centers that coordinate things like the startle reflex

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12
Q

substantia nigra

A

In midbrain, band-like contains a high amount of melanin – a precursor to dopamine; functionally linked to the basal nuclei
- Degeneration of substantia nigra is the cause of Parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

function of the red nucleus

A

Part of the reticular formation; lies deep to the substantia nigra; acts as a relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways causing limb flexion

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14
Q

cranial nerves that originate in the pons

A

V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)

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15
Q

The 4th ventricle separates the _____ and ___________. It is continuous with the ______________.

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • cerebral aqueduct
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16
Q

choroid plexus

A

A capillary rich membrane that forms (CSF) found in the medulla

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17
Q

cerebellum

A

Processes inputs from the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to provide the precise timing and coordinated patterns needed for the many movements of daily living , also plays a major role in balance

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18
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres are connected by the _________.

A

vermis

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19
Q

3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

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20
Q

arbor vitae

A

thin cortex of gray matter with a deeper, distinctive treelike pattern of white matter

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21
Q

cerebellar homunculi

A

show sensory maps of the entire human body and influence motor output to specific body regions

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21
which portions of the body are controlled by the medial and lateral portions (cerebellar homunculi)?
- Medial portions influence motor activities in the trunk and girdles - Lateral portions influence motor activities in the extremities - Flocculonodular lobe receives inputs from the inner ear and adjusts posture to maintain balance
22
cerebellar impairment
loss of muscle tone and clumsy, uncertain movements
23
limbic system and its function
- Networks of neurons that work together but span wide areas of the brain - Large part of the emotional or affective brain
24
location of limbic structures
Structures located on the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon - the structures encircle the brainstem
25
Fornix
fiber tract that links limbic system regions
26
Amygdaloid body
recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear responses
27
Cingulate gyrus
plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolving mental conflict
28
explain the strong connection between memories and smells
Because much of the limbic system originates in the rhinencephalon - it creates emotional responses to odor (ex. repulsion)
29
explain the connection between high blood pressure and stress/strong emotions.
Like the ANS, most of the limbic system’s output is relayed through the hypothalamus – the hypothalamus plays a role in psychosomatic illness and the medical conditions associated with chronic stress
30
reticular formation
Extends through the central core of the brain stem, consists loosely clustered neurons in otherwise white matter
31
what does the reticular formation govern
Extensive connections allow the reticular formation to govern brain arousal
31
Where are some places that have the reticular formation's extensive connections?
Has far-flung axonal connections with the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord
32
3 columns of the reticular formation that run through the brain stem
Raphe nuclei Medial (large cell) group of nuclei Lateral (small cell) group of nuclei
33
RAS
reticular activation system – sends continuous impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
34
RAS function
Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli – 99% of stimuli is not relayed to consciousness inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, and drugs (causes drowsiness) - Motor function of the reticular formation is to control course limb movements - Reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions - Vasomotor centers - Cardiac centers - Respiratory centers
34
injury to RAS
permanent unconsciousness (coma)
35
which cerebral hemisphere houses the language centers
left hemisphere (association cortex)
35
What happens in the analogous centers to the left's language centers in the right hemisphere?
The corresponding areas in the right hemisphere are involved with the nonverbal components of language – tone of voice, gestures
36
Aphasia
loss of language abilities
37
Broca’s aphasia
involved with speech production - Lesion to broca’s area can result in understanding of language, but inability to speak
37
Wernicke’s aphasia
involved with understanding spoken language and written words - Lesions to wernicke’s area can result in ability to speak, but the spoken words are often nonsense
38
Memory
the storage and retrieval of information - Essential for leaning, incorporating our experiences into behavior, and an integral part of our consciousness
39
Declarative memory
memory of facts (names, faces, words, dates)
40
Procedural memory
memory of skills (playing the piano)
41
motor memory
memory of motor skills (riding a bike)
42
Emotional memory
memory of experiences linked to an emotion (heart pounding before a performance)
43
Memory consolidation
involves fitting new facts into categories already stored in the cerebral cortex
44
portions of the brain involved in the memory consolidation process
involves the hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex
45
Damage to what structure of the brain causes amnesia
Damage to the hippocampus or the surrounding lobe structures (amnesia – memory loss) * Bilateral destruction cases widespread amnesia
46
Anterograde amnesia
consolidated memories are not lost, but no new inputs are associated with the old ones - Person only lives in the here and now - Cannot recall a conversation held five minutes ago
47
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memories formed in the distant past
48
EEG
electroencephalogram – records the electrical activity that accompanies brain function
49
What are EEGs used to diagnose
Used for diagnosing epilepsy and sleep disorders - Also helps localize lesions, tumors, infarcts, infections, and abscesses, used in research, determine brain death
50
What does “consciousness” involve
- Perception of sensation - Voluntary initiation and control of movement - Capabilities associated with higher mental processing – memory, logic, judgment
51
things to assess for consciousness
Eye opening response Verbal response Motor response
52
Fainting (syncope)
brief loss of consciousness - Most often due to the inadequate cerebral blood flow caused by low blood pressure or acute ischemia
53
Coma
significant unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended time period
54
Brain death
irreversible coma - There are often ethical and legal issues surrounding whether a person is dead or alive
55
Sleep
a state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation - coma is not the same as deep sleep – oxygen consumption is lowered during a coma
56
2 major types of sleep
1. Non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep – broken into 4 stages 2. Rapid-eye movement (rem) sleep
57
Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep are _________ sleep. These 2 stages are presumed to be ____________ sleep.
slow wave restorative
58
How do EEG waves change in stage 3/4 of NREM sleep
frequency of waves declines, but amplitude increases
59
What physiological changes are expected during REM sleep? What kinds of these does the brain accomplish during REM sleep?
- Temporary paralysis, except for rapid eye movements - Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and breathing increase – can be greater than during waking hours - Most dreaming occurs - Allow the brain to analyze the day’s events and work through emotional events and/or problems - Consolidate new memories - Eliminate unneeded synapses
60
orexins
Peptides released by the hypothalamus that help the cortex to wake up
61
Destruction of _______ may cause narcolepsy
orexins
62
Narcolepsy
neurological disorder characterized bu extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep
63
Cataplexy
sudden, abrupt loss of muscle tone while a person is awake – often follows strong emotion or laughter
64
Insomnia
chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to adequately function – most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep/night
65
3 meninges from superficial to deep
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
66
function of the meninges
- Cover and protect the CNS - Protect blood vessels, enclose venous sinuses - Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Form partitions in the skull
67
What are the two layers of the dura mater? Which of these layers extends into the spinal cord?
- Periosteal layer - Meningeal layer Meningeal layer extends into the spinal cord
68
_________________ exist in separations between the 2 layers of the dura mater.
Dural venous sinuses
69
Dural venous sinuses function
Sinuses collect venous blood from the brain and empty into the jugular veins of the neck
70
1 structure formed by extension of the dura mater into the cranial cavity.
falx cerebri
71
which space is wider: subdural or subarachnoid space?
subarachnoid space
72
What is the function of arachnoid granulations?
Protrude through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus – they permit reabsorption of CSF back into venous blood
73
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges - Diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of CSF – the sample is obtained via lumbar puncture - Csf is typically collected in between L4 and L5 or L3 and L4 in the subarachnoid space
74
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
75
where is CSF formed
in and around the brain and spinal cord
76
CSF function
- Gives buoyancy to the CNs structures – reduces the weight of the brain bu 97% - Protects the CNS from blows and other traumas - Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals
77
What type of glial cell helps to circulate CSF?
Ependymal cells
78
How much CSF does the typical adult have? How often is it replaced?
~150mL, it is replaced every 8 hours
79
hydrocephaly
A clinical condition caused by CSF being produced faster than it is drained – it builds up in the ventricles
80
Why is a stable environment crucially important to the brain?
Chemical variations could lead to uncontrollable neuron firings
81
How is this stable environment in the brain achieved?
- Exceptionally impermeable tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells - Tight junctions ensure that substances pass through – not around endothelial cells
82
What types of substances can pass through the blood brain barrier? What types cannot?
Simple diffusion - Lipid soluble substances - Blood gasses Specific transport mechanism - Substances important to the brain – glucose, amino acids, specific ions - DENIES entry to metabolic waste, proteins, toxins, and drugs
83
What type of glial cell reinforces capillaries to form the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
84
What portions of the brain are not covered by the blood brain barrier
Vomiting center and hypothalamus
85
physiological importance of having some part of the brain not covered by the bbb
This is because full access to neural tissue is necessary in these areas to monitor chemical composition and temperature of blood

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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