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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Central Nervous System Part I Study Guide > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Part I Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

two structures that make up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the human adult brain?

A

Cerebrum (2 hemispheres)
Diencephalon
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Cerebellum

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3
Q

gray matter

A

short, unmyelinated neurons + cell bodies

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4
Q

white matter

A

mostly myelinated axons, some unmyelinated axons, primarily organized in fiber tracts

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5
Q

basic pattern of the CNS

A

central cavity surrounded by gray matter with white matter external to the gray matter – this pattern is seen in the spinal cord

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6
Q

How does the basic pattern of the CNS differ in the brainstem?

A

Brainstem has additional gray matter nuclei scattered within the white matter

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7
Q

How does the basic pattern of the CNS differ in the cerebral cortex?

A

The cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum contain an outer layer of gray matter (the cortex)

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8
Q

Ventricles

A

fluid filled chambers continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord

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9
Q

what do ventricles contain

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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10
Q

what are ventricles lined with

A

ependymal cells

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11
Q

What divides the paired, lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum (thin membrane)

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12
Q

What structure connects the paired lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

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13
Q

Name the 3 openings that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

A

Paired lateral apertures, 1 median aperture

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14
Q

Gyri

A

ridges

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15
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

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16
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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17
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the 2 hemipsheres

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18
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

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19
Q

5 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
insula

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20
Q

functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • The executive suite of the brain
  • Thin (2-4mm) superficial layer of gray matter
  • Site of the conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, initiation of voluntary motor tasks, communication, memory storage, understanding
  • Composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels – no axons
  • Contains billions of neurons and accounts for 40% of brain mass
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21
Q

3 types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex

A
  • Motor areas: control voluntary movement
  • Sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensation
  • Association areas: integrate diverse information
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22
Q

domain

A
  • The place a particular motor or sensory function is localized
  • The higher functions (memory, language, etc) are spread over multiple areas and in overlapping domains
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23
Q

contralateral

A

Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the contralateral (opposite) side of the body

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24
Q

Lateralization

A

specialization of cortical function in only one hemisphere

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25
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Helps to plan movements – a staging area
  • Selects + sequences basic motor movements into more complex tasks
  • Uses highly processed sensory information to control voluntary actions
  • Sends activating impulses to the primary motor cortex
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26
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • Present in only 1 hemisphere – usually the left
  • Motor speech area – directs the muscles of speech production
  • Active in planning speech and other voluntary motor activities
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27
Q

Frontal eye field

A
  • Located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex
  • Controls voluntary eye movements
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28
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements

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29
Q

pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

A

formed from the long axons of the pyramidal cells that project down to the spinal cord

30
Q

Somatotopy

A

all specific areas of the body can be mapped to specific areas on the primary motor cortex

31
Q

Motor homunculi

A

upside down, caricature like representation of the motor innervation of the contralateral body regions

32
Q

symptoms of primary motor cortex damage

A
  • Paralyzes the muscles controlled by those areas
  • Paralysis will occur on the opposite side of the body from the cortical damage
  • Only voluntary control is lost – the muscles can still contract reflexively
33
Q

damage to the premotor cortex

A
  • loss of the motor skills programmed by that region, but does not impair muscle strength or ability to perform discrete, individual movements
  • Other premotor neurons can be reprogrammed to take over the skill of the damaged neurons, but this requires significant patience and practice
34
Q

motor and sensory homunculi: Which areas have a lot of representation? Which areas only have a little?

A

The hands, fingers, face, and tongue have large representation
Legs and back have less representation

35
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • Receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons
  • Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated
36
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

A

Integrates sensory inputs relayed to it from primary somatosensory cortex to provide an understanding of an object being felt – determines size, texture, and relationship of parts

37
Q

Primary visual (striate) cortex

A
  • Largest cortical sensory area
  • Receives visual information that originates on the retinas
  • The visual space on the opposite side of the body is mapped to the primary visual cortex
38
Q

Visual association area

A
  • Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, or movement) ex. ability to recognize faces
39
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Interprets information from the sound receptors in the inner ear – determines pitch, loudness, and location

40
Q

auditory association area

A

Stores memory of sounds, permits perception of the sound stimulus

41
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space)

42
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A
  • Part of the primitive rhinencephalon – along with the olfactory bulbs and tracts. In humans, the remainder of the rhinencephalon becomes part of the limbic system
  • Involved in conscious awareness of odors
  • Receives impulses from the superior nasal cavity
43
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

in the insula – deep to the temporal lobe
- Involved in perceiving taste stimuli

44
Q

Visceral sensory area

A

posterior to the gustatory cortex
- Provides conscious perception of visceral sensations – ex. Upset stomach or full bladder

45
Q

functional blindess

A
  • Damage to the primary visual cortex
  • Although unable to consciously see, individuals with functional blindness may still have certain visual reflexes
46
Q

face blindness

A

Damage to the visual association area results in ability to see but inability to comprehend what is seen

47
Q

3 multimodal association areas

A

Anterior association area
Posterior association area
Limbic association area

48
Q

Multimodal association area

A

receives inputs from multiple sensory areas and send outputs to multiple areas
- Allow us to give meaning to information received, store information in memory, tie information to previous experiences, and decide on actions
- Where sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious – and make us who we are

49
Q

Anterior association area

A
  • Also called the prefrontal cortex
  • The most complicated cortical region
  • Involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
  • Contains the working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning
  • Development happens slowly and depends on feedback from social environments
50
Q

Posterior association area

A
  • Large region including parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
  • Plays a role in recognizing patterns, faces, and localizing the body within space
  • Involved in understanding written and spoken language (wernicke’s area)
51
Q

Limbic association area

A
  • Involves the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus
  • Provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us – and helps us to establish memories
52
Q

symptoms of disruption in the posterior association area

A

disassociating with the other half of the body – the half opposite the side of the lesion

53
Q

symptoms of disruption in the anterior association area

A

mental and/or personality disorders including loss of judgment, attentiveness, and inhibitions
- Affected individual may be oblivious to social restraints or become careless about personal appearance and/or taking risks

54
Q

Most humans are _____ side dominant. This means that most humans are ______ handed.

A

left
right

55
Q

cerebral dominance

A

refers to which hemisphere is dominant for language

56
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Controls language, math, and logic

57
Q

Right hemisphere

A

visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills

58
Q

Cerebral white matter is mostly bundled into large _______.

A

tracts

59
Q

which direction do association fibers run?

A

horizontal

60
Q

what kind of communication are association fibers responsible for?

A

Connecting different parts of the same hemisphere

61
Q

Which direction do commissural fibers run

A

horizontal

62
Q

What kind of communication are commissural fibers responsible for?

A

Connect corresponding gray matter of the two hemispheres

63
Q

What is the largest of the commissural fiber tracts?

A

Corpus callosum

64
Q

Which direction do projection fibers run

A

vertical

65
Q

What kind of communication are projection fibers responsible for?

A

Connect the hemispheres with the lower brain or spinal cord

66
Q

internal capsule

A

projection fibers on each side of the brain stem form a compact band that passes between the thalamus and some of the basal nuclei

67
Q

Corona radiata

A

projection fibers that fan out and radiate through the cerebral white matter to the cortex

68
Q

The striatum is made of the _______________ + the ________.

A

audate nucleus
putamen

69
Q

List 3 specific parts of the basal nuclei/basal ganglia.

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

70
Q

What are some functions of the basal nuclei? How does these functions correlate with the symptoms of Parkinson Disease?

A

Basal nuclei receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and relay it through the thalamus. The output is projected to premotor and prefrontal cortices to influence muscle movements
- Plays roles in motor function, emotion, and cognition
- Is especially useful in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of relatively slow or stereotyped movements
- Also inhibits antagonistic or unnecessary movements
* When someone has parkinsons, they often make many uncontrolled and unnecessary movements

71
Q

What is the likely cause of Parkinson disease

A

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra
- Dopamine deprived basal nuclei become overactive

72
Q

What is a medication that can temporarily alleviate Parkinsonian symptoms?

A

Medication L-dopa can alleviate symptoms temporarily

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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