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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Articulations Part 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Articulations Part 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Joints are also called ——–.

A

articulations

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2
Q

List the 3 structural classifications for joints.

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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3
Q

List the 3 functional classifications for joints. What do each of those classifications mean in terms of available movement?

A
  • synarthroses; immoveable
  • amphiarthroses; slightly moveable
  • diarthrosis; freely moveable
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints we discussed? Be ready to give/identify an example of each.

A
  • Sutures: interlocking joints of the skull ex. Occipital suture (called synotoses when fused)
  • Syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments or bands of fibrous tissue ex. Inferior tibiofibular joint or interosseous membrane
  • Gomphoses: fibrous connection = periodontal ligament ex. Teeth in alveolar socket
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5
Q

How are bones joined in fibrous joints? Is there a joint cavity? Are they movable?

A
  • joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity present
  • Mostly immoveable
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6
Q

What unites the bones in cartilaginous joints? Is there a joint cavity? Are they movable?

A
  • Cartilage united the bones
  • No joint cavity
  • Not highly moveable
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6
Q

Does syndesmosis move?

A

Varies based on fiber length
- Short fiber length = little/no movement (tibfib)
- Long fiber length - more movement (i membrane)

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints we discussed? Be ready to give/identify an example of each.

A
  • Synchondroses: bones are united by bar/plate of hyaline cartilage, synarthrotic ex. Epiphyseal plates (synostoses when plate closes), cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
  • Symphyses: bones united by fibrocartilage (but hyaline is also present in articular cartilage), strong, amphiarthrotic, ex. Intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis
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8
Q

What’s the structural difference between synchondroses and symphyses? The functional difference?

A
  • Synchondroses is hyaline cartilage and symphyses are mostly fibrocartilage
  • Synchondroses are synarthrotic (not moveable) and symphyses are amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
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9
Q

Do synovial joints have a joint cavity? Are they movable?

A
  • Have a joint cavity
  • Diarthortic; freely moveable
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10
Q

What are 4 other structures that are also TYPICALLY associated with synovial joints?

A
  • Fatty pads; cushioning between fibrous and synovial layer of the articular capsule
  • Bursae; sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction where muscles, skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments rub together
  • Tendon sheaths ; elongated bursae wrapped completely around the tendons subject to friction
  • Articular discs; fibrocartilage wedges or discs that separate articular surfaces to improve fit, stabilize the joint, and reduce wear/tear
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10
Q

List and be ready to give examples of/differentiate the 6 different types of synovial joints.

A
  • Plane joint; intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces.
  • Hinge joint; elbows, interphalangeal joints
  • Pivot; proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
  • Saddle joint; carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
  • Condylar joint; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joint
  • Ball and socket joint; shoulder and hip joints
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11
Q

List and be ready to recall the 6 general features of synovial joints.

A
  • Articular capsule
  • Auricular cartilage
  • Joint cavity
  • Synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
  • Nerves and blood vessels
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12
Q

What’s the structural difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

A

Tendon sheaths are wrapped around a point of connection whereas bursae are sacs in between a connection

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13
Q

What’s an articular/joint capsule? Define its 2 layers.

A

Two layered joint covering
- External fibrous layer; made of dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with periostea
- Synovial membrane; loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid

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14
Q

What is contained in synovial fluid? How is it created? What is its function?

A
  • Viscous filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid, phagocytic cells that clear debris and microbes are in synovial fluid
  • It is produced by synovial membrane
  • Its function is to lubricate/nourish articular cartilage
14
Q

What are 3 types of reinforcing ligaments?

A
  • Capsular; thickened part of fibrous layer
  • Extracapsular; outside the capsule
  • Intracapsular; deep to capsule covered by synovial membrane
15
Q

What do the nerves of the joint detect?

A

Pain, joint position, and stretch; capillary beds to supply filtrate for synovial fluid

16
Q

Do people who are “double jointed” have more joints?

A

No

17
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

When muscle tendons that travel through the carpal tunnel are inflamed/overused causes irritation of the median nerve, causing tingling, numbness, and pain in the hand

18
Q

List the 3 factors influencing joint stability. Which is typically the most influential?

A
  • Shape of articular surface
  • Number and location of ligaments
  • Muscle tone
19
Q

Define gliding, angular movement, and rotation. Be ready to give examples of/differentiate between the different types of movement at different joints. For example, doing jumping jacks is what kind of movement at the shoulders? How about at the hips? Another example, what kind of movement is taking a bow after a performance?

A

angular movements
- Flexion; decrease in angle
- Extension; increase in angle
- Adduction movement toward the midline
- Abduction; movement away from the midline

Rotation; medial and lateral

19
Q

In a joint, which bone/connective tissue is the origin? How about the insertion? For example, what is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

A
  • Origin; attachment to immovable bone
  • Insertion; attachment to movable bone
  • Ex. biceps brachii; Origin: Short head: tip of coracoid process of scapula; Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm
20
Q

Define nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial movement.

A
  • Nonaxial, slipping movements only
  • Uniaxial, movement in 1 plane
    Biaxial, movements in 2 planes
  • Multiaxial, 3+ movements movement in/around all 3 planes
21
Q

List the 6 types of synovial joints. Be ready to determine what kind of movement is allowed by each type of synovial joint and list an example or two of each.

A

plane ; nonaxial
Hinge; uniaxial
Pivot ; uniaxial
Condylar ; biaxial
Saddle ; biaxial
Ball and socket ; multiaxial

21
Q

Define circumduction, supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition. Be ready to state what type of movement is happening in the examples provided on the exam.

A
  • Dorsiflexion; moving foot up
  • Plantarflexion; moving foot down

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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