introduction to the human body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the body’s various parts and the parts’ relationship to each other (the WHAT)
- terminology
- observing
- manipulating
- palpating (touch)
- auscultating (listening)

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The study of the functions of the parts of the body, how the parts work to sustain life (the HOW)
- understanding basic principles (electrical currents, pressures, movements)
- understanding basic chemistry principles

Question 3

Subdivisions of Anatomy

Answer 3

• gross / macroscopic anatomy
• microscopic anatomy
• developmental anatomy

Question 4

Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy

Answer 4

The study of large, visible structures
- regional anatomy
- system anatomy
- surface anatomy

Question 5

Regional Anatomy

Answer 5

study of all of the structures in a particular region of the body (upper limbs, lower limbs, trunk, head, and neck)

Question 6

System Anatomy

Answer 6

study of all of the structures in a particular body system (there are 11 - for example, the muscular system)

Question 7

Surface Anatomy

Answer 7

the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying structures

Question 8

Cytology

Answer 8

study of cells and often their abnormalities (sometimes leading to cancer diagnosises)

Question 9

Histology

Answer 9

Study of tissues (groups of cells)

Question 10

Developmental anatomy

Answer 10

the study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life (growth)
- embryology

Question 11

Embryology

Answer 11

study of development before birth

Question 12

complementary structure and function

Answer 12

How parts are arranged makes them ideal to carry out a function
*examples: teeth
- sharp edges of our front teeth (STRUCTURE) makes them perfect for cutting (FUNCTION)
- flat surfaces of molars (STRUCTURE) make them ideal for grinding/chewing (FUNCTION)

Question 13

Structural Organization

Answer 13

Starts from chemical level and extends to the whole organism
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level

Question 14

Chemical level

Answer 14

the first level in the human body’s structural organization
- atoms –>
- molecules –>
- organelles

Question 15

Cellular level

Answer 15

the second level in the human body’s structural organization
- a single cell

Question 16

Tissue level

Answer 16

the third level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of similar cells working together

Question 17

Organ Level

Answer 17

the fourth level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of 2+ tissue types working together

Question 18

Organ system level

Answer 18

the fifth level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of 2+ organs working together

Question 19

Organismal level

Answer 19

the sixth and final level in the human body’s structural organization
- all organ systems combined
- ex: a human

Question 20

Requirements of life

Answer 20

• maintaining boundaries
• movement
• responsiveness
• digestion
• metabolism
• excretion
• reproduction
• growth
  (8 total)

Question 21

Maintaining boundaries

Answer 21

requirement of life
- separation between internal and external environments
- ex: skin separates organisms

Question 22

Movement

Answer 22

requirement of life
- muscular systems allow movement of body parts and/or substances

Question 23

Responsiveness

Answer 23

requirement of life
- ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- ex: withdrawal reflex (moving away from danger)
- ex: regulation of respiratory rate (your breathing might change depending on the situation you’re in)

Question 24

Digestion

Answer 24

requirement of life
- breakdown of ingested foodstuffs followed by absorption into blood

Question 25

Metabolism

Answer 25

requirement of life - sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body - catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy) - anabolism (simple molecules combine to create complex ones using the released energy from catabolism)

Question 26

Excretion

Answer 26

requirement of life - removal of waste from metabolism and digestion - ex: co2 when we breathe - ex: feces

Question 27

Reproduction

Answer 27

requirement of life - production of offspring - division of cells for growth or repair

Question 28

growth

Answer 28

requirement of life - increase in size of a body part or an organism

Question 29

interrelationships of organ systems

Answer 29

- 11 different organ systems - organ systems are designed to service and maintain the survival of individual cells

Question 30

Human survival needs

Answer 30

- nutrients - oxygen - water - normal body temp - appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 31

Nutrients

Answer 31

chemicals for energy and cell building - carbohydrates - proteins - fats/lipids - vitamins+minerals

Question 32

oxygen

Answer 32

essential for creation of energy from nutrients

Question 33

water

Answer 33

- provides environment needed for chemical reactions - fluid base for secretions/excretions

Question 34

Normal body temp

Answer 34

37 degrees celsius or 98.6 F - essential for chemical reactions

Question 35

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Answer 35

essential for ventilation + gas exchange

Question 36

homeostasis

Answer 36

"unchanging standing" - maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changing external conditions - dynamic state of equilibrium - variables: blood sugar, blood volume, blood pressure, body temp

Question 37

Homeostatic control of variables

Answer 37

- receptor - control center - effector

Question 38

Receptor

Answer 38

(1) monitors environment and responds to stimuli / recognizes issue, tells control center

Question 39

Control Center

Answer 39

(2) brain, determines set point of each variable, receives input from receptor and employs effector

Question 40

Effector

Answer 40

receives output from control center and provides a means to respond - either reducing or enhancing the stimulus - ex: sweating when the body temp is too hot

Question 41

negative feedback

Answer 41

- reduces or shuts off stimulus - the variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change - ex: regulation of body temp or blood sugar - more commonly used than positive feedbad

Question 42

Positive feedback

Answer 42

- less common - enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus - variable continue to change in the same direction as the initial change - ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

Question 43

homeostatic imbalance

Answer 43

- disturbances in homeostasis can lead to increased risk of disease and aging - w age body's control systems weaken - when negative feedback systems become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback may take over (ex - diabetes mellitus)