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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > introduction to the human body > Flashcards

introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the body’s various parts and the parts’ relationship to each other (the WHAT)
- terminology
- observing
- manipulating
- palpating (touch)
- auscultating (listening)

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the parts of the body, how the parts work to sustain life (the HOW)
- understanding basic principles (electrical currents, pressures, movements)
- understanding basic chemistry principles

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3
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy

A
  • gross / macroscopic anatomy
  • microscopic anatomy
  • developmental anatomy
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4
Q

Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy

A

The study of large, visible structures
- regional anatomy
- system anatomy
- surface anatomy

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5
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

study of all of the structures in a particular region of the body (upper limbs, lower limbs, trunk, head, and neck)

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6
Q

System Anatomy

A

study of all of the structures in a particular body system (there are 11 - for example, the muscular system)

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7
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying structures

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8
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells and often their abnormalities (sometimes leading to cancer diagnosises)

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9
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues (groups of cells)

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

the study of anatomical and physiological development throughout life (growth)
- embryology

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11
Q

Embryology

A

study of development before birth

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12
Q

complementary structure and function

A

How parts are arranged makes them ideal to carry out a function
*examples: teeth
- sharp edges of our front teeth (STRUCTURE) makes them perfect for cutting (FUNCTION)
- flat surfaces of molars (STRUCTURE) make them ideal for grinding/chewing (FUNCTION)

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13
Q

Structural Organization

A

Starts from chemical level and extends to the whole organism
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level

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14
Q

Chemical level

A

the first level in the human body’s structural organization
- atoms –>
- molecules –>
- organelles

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15
Q

Cellular level

A

the second level in the human body’s structural organization
- a single cell

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16
Q

Tissue level

A

the third level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of similar cells working together

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17
Q

Organ Level

A

the fourth level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of 2+ tissue types working together

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18
Q

Organ system level

A

the fifth level in the human body’s structural organization
- groups of 2+ organs working together

19
Q

Organismal level

A

the sixth and final level in the human body’s structural organization
- all organ systems combined
- ex: a human

20
Q

Requirements of life

A
  • maintaining boundaries
  • movement
  • responsiveness
  • digestion
  • metabolism
  • excretion
  • reproduction
  • growth
    (8 total)
21
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

requirement of life
- separation between internal and external environments
- ex: skin separates organisms

22
Q

Movement

A

requirement of life
- muscular systems allow movement of body parts and/or substances

23
Q

Responsiveness

A

requirement of life
- ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- ex: withdrawal reflex (moving away from danger)
- ex: regulation of respiratory rate (your breathing might change depending on the situation you’re in)

24
Q

Digestion

A

requirement of life
- breakdown of ingested foodstuffs followed by absorption into blood

25
Q

Metabolism

A

requirement of life
- sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
- catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy)
- anabolism (simple molecules combine to create complex ones using the released energy from catabolism)

26
Q

Excretion

A

requirement of life
- removal of waste from metabolism and digestion
- ex: co2 when we breathe
- ex: feces

27
Q

Reproduction

A

requirement of life
- production of offspring
- division of cells for growth or repair

28
Q

growth

A

requirement of life
- increase in size of a body part or an organism

29
Q

interrelationships of organ systems

A
  • 11 different organ systems
  • organ systems are designed to service and maintain the survival of individual cells
30
Q

Human survival needs

A
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • water
  • normal body temp
  • appropriate atmospheric pressure
31
Q

Nutrients

A

chemicals for energy and cell building
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats/lipids
- vitamins+minerals

32
Q

oxygen

A

essential for creation of energy from nutrients

33
Q

water

A
  • provides environment needed for chemical reactions
  • fluid base for secretions/excretions
34
Q

Normal body temp

A

37 degrees celsius or 98.6 F
- essential for chemical reactions

35
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

essential for ventilation + gas exchange

36
Q

homeostasis

A

“unchanging standing”
- maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changing external conditions - dynamic state of equilibrium
- variables: blood sugar, blood volume, blood pressure, body temp

37
Q

Homeostatic control of variables

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
38
Q

Receptor

A

(1)
monitors environment and responds to stimuli / recognizes issue, tells control center

39
Q

Control Center

A

(2)
brain, determines set point of each variable, receives input from receptor and employs effector

40
Q

Effector

A

receives output from control center and provides a means to respond - either reducing or enhancing the stimulus
- ex: sweating when the body temp is too hot

41
Q

negative feedback

A
  • reduces or shuts off stimulus
  • the variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change
  • ex: regulation of body temp or blood sugar
  • more commonly used than positive feedbad
42
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • less common
  • enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
  • variable continue to change in the same direction as the initial change
  • ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
43
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A
  • disturbances in homeostasis can lead to increased risk of disease and aging
  • w age body’s control systems weaken
  • when negative feedback systems become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback may take over (ex - diabetes mellitus)

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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