The Cell and Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction Flashcards
have distinct parts, it constitutes our body with more than 100 trillion of it. Though very minute structures, these cells determines form and functions of the human body.
Cells
the size of a single cell
10 to 15 micrometers.
a blood cell measure
7.7 micrometers
ovum measures
100 micrometers.
a meter in length of its extensions.
nerve cell
different chemical processes during cell metabolism provides energy for muscle contraction and heat production.
Cell metabolism and energy use
Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the same molecules. Therefore, the structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by the types of molecules they produce.
Synthesis of molecules
Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another. For example, nerve cells communicate with one another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract.
Communication
Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic information to the next generation.
Reproduction and inheritance
Most cells have three major portions, with the exception of the red blood cells.
Plasma membrane or cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
defining boundaries with gate-like properties
plasma membrane, or cell membrane
contains organelles and molecules
cytoplasm
acts as the control center and contains a cell’s genetic information.
nucleus
Outermost component of cell
CELL MEMBRANE
material outside the cell
Extracellular
material inside cell
Intracellular
determines what can
pass in and out of the cell
Cell membrane
found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell
Enzymes, glycogen. and potassium
found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell
Sodium, calcium, and chloride
WAYS MOLECULES PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
- DIRECTLY THROUGH (DIFFUSION)
- MEMBRANE CHANNELS
- CARRIER MOLECULES
- VESICLES
Location: inside cell
cytoplasm
give cell shape and hold organelles in place
cytoplasm
center of cell
nucleus
Location: edge of nucleus
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Location: surface of nucleus
NUCLEAR PORES
where materials pass in and out of
nucleus
NUCLEAR PORES
Location: in nucleus
NUCLEOLUS
produce ribosomes
NUCLEOLUS
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
RIBOSOME
Function: produce proteins
RIBOSOME
Location: inside nucleus
CHROMOSOME
part of genetic makeup
CHROMOSOME
Location: inside nucleus
CHROMATIN
Location: cytoplasm
RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
site of protein synthesis
RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
site of lipid synthesis
SER (SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins
and lipids
GOLGI APPARATUS
distributes materials of cell
SECRETORY VESICLE
produces ATP
MITOCHONDRIA
enzymes that digest foreign material
LYSOSOME
move materials across cell’s surface
CILIA
move cell
FLAGELLA
increase surface area
MICROVILLI
cell’s framework
CYTOSKELETON
TYPE OF SKELETON
MICROTUBULES
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROFILAMENT
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
MICROTUBULES
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
- smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement
MICROFILAMENS
double helix in nucleus
DNA
contains 5 carbon sugar
deoxyribose, nitrogen base,
phosphate
also called Central Dogma
FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION
flow of genetic information Occurs in three stages:
- DNA replication
- Transcription
- Translation
information in DNA directs protein synthesis
GENE EXPRESSION
process by which DNA is “read”
TRANSCRIPTION
process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
TRANSLATION
movement of molecules form areas of high to low concentration
DIFFUSION
solid, liquid, or gas that contains one
or more solutes
SOLUTION
substance added to solvent that dissolves
SOLUTE
substance such as H2O that solute is
being added to
SOLVENT
measures concentration difference at 2 points
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
movement of fluid through a partition with holes
FILTRATION
diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
moves substances from low to high
concentration
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
involves the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
TYPES OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS
- HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
- HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
- ISOTONIC SOLUTION
lower concentration of solutes outside cell
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
The solute concentration outside the cell is less
than the concentration inside the cell. Therefore, the water concentration outside is greater than that inside, and water flows into the cell.
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
higher concentration of solutes outside cell
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
The solute concentration outside the cell is
greater than the concentration inside the cell. Therefore, the water concentration is greater inside the cell than outside, and water flows out of the cell.
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
equal concentration of solutes
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
The solute concentration outside the cell is the
same as that inside the cell. Therefore, water concentration is also the same on both sides of the cell, and the net movement of water is zero
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
ENDOCYTOSIS
TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
The cell “eats” large particles such as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells.
Phagocytosis
The cell periodically “drinks” by
forming small vesicles around droplets of extracellular fluid.
Pinocytosis
process that carries materials out of cell using vesicles
EXOCYTOSIS
formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell
CELL DIVISON
each cell (except sperm and egg) contains
46 CHROMOSOMES
sperm and egg contain
33 CHROMOSOMES
cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells
MITOSIS
STAGES IN MITOSIS
- INTERPHASE
- PROPHASE
- ANAPHASE
- TELOPHASE
time between cell divisions
Interphase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
PROPHASE
The centromeres divide, forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids
ANAPHASE
the two new nuclei assume their normal
structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.
TELOPHASE