Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
double-layered sac that anchors and
protects heart
A
Pericardium
2
Q
membrane around heart’s cavity
A
Parietal pericardium
3
Q
membrane on heart’s surface
A
Visceral pericardium
4
Q
space around heart
A
Pericardial cavity
5
Q
surface of heart (outside)
A
Epicardium
6
Q
thick, middle layer
composed of cardiac
muscle
A
Myocardium
7
Q
smooth, inner surface or
endothelium
A
Endocardium
8
Q
- 1 centrally located nucleus • Branching cells • Rich in mitochondria • Striated (actin and myosin) • Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions • Intercalated disks connect cells
A
Cardiac Muscle
9
Q
4 Chambers
A
- left atrium (LA)
- right atrium (RA)
- left ventricle (LV)
- right ventricle (RV)
10
Q
separates atria from
ventricles
A
Coronary sulcus
11
Q
Upper portion • Holding chambers • Small, thin walled • Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
A
atria
12
Q
separates right and left atria
A
Interatrial septum
13
Q
- Lower portion • Pumping chambers • Thick, strong walled • Contract forcefully to propel blood out of hear
A
Ventricles
14
Q
separates right and left
ventricles
A
Interventricular septum
15
Q
between atria and ventricles
A
Atrioventricular valves (AV)
16
Q
- AV valve between RA and RV
- 3 cusps
A
Tricuspid valve
17
Q
- AV valve between LA and LV
- 2 cusps
A
Bicuspid valve (mitral)
18
Q
Semilunar valves:
A
pulmonary
aortic
19
Q
base of pulmonary trunk
A
pulmonary
20
Q
base of aorta
A
aortic
21
Q
- Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles
– Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers
– Closed during ventricular contraction
A
• AV valves
22
Q
– Closed during heart relaxation
– Open during ventricular contraction
A
semilunar valves
23
Q
- carries blood from heart to lungs
- blood is O2
poor, CO2
rich
A
pulmonary circuit
24
Q
• Right Atrium:
- receives blood from 3 places:
A
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
25
receives blood from 3 places: superior
| and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Right Atrium
26
drains blood above diaphragm (head,
| neck, thorax, upper limbs)
Superior vena cava
27
drains blood below diaphragm
| abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs
Inferior vena cava
28
drains blood from myocardium
coronary sinus
29
- opens into pulmonary trunk
Right Ventricle
30
splits into right and left pulmonary
| arteries
Pulmonary trunk
31
carry blood away from heart to lungs
Pulmonary arteries
32
- carries blood from heart to body
- blood is O2
rich, CO2
poor
systemic circuit
33
```
4 openings (pulmonary veins) that
receive blood from lungs
```
left atrium
34
- opens into aorta
- thicker, contracts more forcefully,
higher blood pressure than right
ventricle has to get to body
left ventricle
35
carries blood from LV to body
aorta
36
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
| consisting of:
coronary arteries
cardiac veins
coronary sinus
37
branch from the aorta to
| supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Coronary arteries
38
drain the myocardium of blood
Cardiac veins
39
a large vein on the posterior of
| the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
40
- supply blood to heart wall
| - originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)
Coronary arteries
41
- originates on right side of aorta
| - supply blood to right ventricle
Right coronary artery
42
- has 3 branches
- supply blood to anterior
heart wall and left ventricle
Left coronary artery
43
Atrial cells beat times per minute
beat 60 times per minute
44
Ventricular cells beat times per minute
beat 20-40 times per minute
45
Need a unifying control system
```
the intrinsic
conduction system (nodal system)
```
46
Two systems regulate heart activity
•Autonomic nervous system
•Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal
system
47
Path of Action Potential through Heart
```
1 Sinoatrial node (SA node):
2 Atrioventricular (AV) Node
3 Bundle of His
4 Right and Left bundle branches
5 Purkinje fibers
```
48
rapid heart rate,
| over 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
49
slow heart rate,
| less than 60 beats per minutes
Bradycardia
50
Heart is 2 side by side pumps
right and left
51
primers for pumps
atria
52
power pumps
ventricles
53
repetitive pumping action which includes contraction and relaxation
refers to one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles
contract and then relax
cardiac cycle
54
contraction of atria
• Atrial systole
55
contraction of
| ventricles
Ventricular systole
56
relaxation of atria
Atrial diastole
57
relaxation of ventricles
ventricular diastole
58
Average heart rate is approximately beats per minute
75 beats per minute
59
Cardiac cycle length is normally second
0.8 seconds
60
longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves
Lub
61
short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar
valves at the end of ventricular systole
Dupp
62
• Factors modifying basic heart rate
1 neural (ans) controls
2 hormones and ions
3 physical factors
63
•Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
•Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve
fibers, slow and steady the heart rate
neural (ans) control
64
•Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
•Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also
modify heart activity
hormones and ions
65
•Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart
| rate
physical factors
