Nervous System Flashcards by HANIN MAONG

Nerve impulse

Action potential

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Nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine

Adrenergic fibers

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Sensory nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system

Afferent neuron

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Receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an

excitatory response

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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Subdivision of the nervous system responsible for

regulating activities that maintain homeostasis; also called visceral motor system

Autonomic nervous system

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Fiber extending from a neuron’s cell body that conducts impulses

Axon

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Receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an

inhibitory response

Beta-adrenergic receptors:

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Stem-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres to the
spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Brainstem

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Portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal
cord

Central nervous system

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Portion of the brain responsible for coordination of voluntary movement and
balance

Cerebellum

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The surface of the cerebrum consisting of a thin layer of gray matter

Cerebral cortex

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Clear, colorless fluid that fills the brain’s ventricles and central canal
and also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid

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Largest portion of the brain

Cerebrum

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Nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine

Cholinergic fibers

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Nerves of the peripheral nervous system that arise directly from the brain
(instead of from the spinal cord)

Cranial nerves

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A specific area of the skin innervated by a spinal nerve

Dermatome

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Motor nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system

Efferent neuron

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Small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae

Epidural space

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Portion of the cerebrum responsible for decision making, reasoning,
memory, and voluntary movements

Frontal lobe

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Nervous tissue containing mostly cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

Gray matter

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The bottom half of the diencephalon of the brain, which is responsible for
many vital body functions

Hypothalamus

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Complex set of structures in the brain responsible for emotion and learning

Limbic system

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Attaches brain to spinal cord; contains centers that govern heart rate,
blood pressure, and breathing

Medulla oblongata

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Layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

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Nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers

Mixed nerve

Receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that exhibit a variable response

Muscarinic receptors

- Fatty sheath encasing the axons of many neurons; formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

Myelin

A bundle of neurons that transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body

Nerve

Cells in the nervous system that support neurons but do not conduct impulses

Neuroglia

Nervous system cells that conduct impulses

Neurons

Receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that produce an excitatory response

Nicotinic receptors

Portion of the cerebrum responsible for analyzing and interpreting visual information

Occipital lobe

- Division of the autonomic nervous system that primarily has a calming effect; also called craniosacral division

Parasympathetic division

Portion of the cerebrum concerned with bodily sensations and | proprioception

Parietal lobe

Portion of the nervous system consisting of the network of | nerves throughout the body

Peripheral nervous system

A network of nerves

Plexus

The electrical state of a cell membrane that has an excess of positive ions on one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other

Polarization

A neural circuit that bypasses regions of the brain where conscious decisions are made

Reflex arc

Reflex involving contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by a somatic motor neuron

Somatic reflex

Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for “fight or flight” response; also called thoracolumbar division

Sympathetic division

Space between the junction of two neurons in a neural pathway

Synapse

Portion of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, and visual recognition

Temporal lobe

Bundles of axons in the spinal cord that serve as routes of communication to and from the brain

Tracts

Reflex of the autonomic nervous system affecting organs

Visceral reflexes

Nervous tissue containing bundles of axons that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

White matter

CNS

brain and spinal cord

PNS

all all neurons outside CNS

Neuron Structures

Dendrite Cell body Axon

receives stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors

Dendrite

processes stimulus; contains a nucleus

Cell body

transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron

Axon

Types of Neurons

Multipolar Bipolar Psudo-Unipolar

many dendrites and a single axon

Multipolar

many dendrites and a single axon

Bipolar

one axon and no dendrites

Pseudo-Unipolar

Supporting cells for neurons

Glial Cell

Types of Neuroglia

``` Astrocytes Ependymal Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells ```

fatty, proctective wrapping around axons

myelin sheaths

always open (K+)

leak ion channels

closed until opened by specific signal (Na+)

gated ion channels

where an axon attaches to a muscle, gland, organ, or other neuron involved with release of neurotransmitters

the synapse

involuntary response to a stimulus

reflexes

extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra

spinal cord

center of spinal cord

gray matter

outside of spina cord

white matter

arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots

spinal nerves

spinal nerves C1-4

Cervical Plexus

Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1

Brachial Plexus

Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4

Lumbosacral Plexus

protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord

meninges

superficial, thickest layer

dura mater

2nd layer

arachnoid mater

3rd layer, surface of brain

pia mater

infection of meninges (bacterial or viral)

meningitis

in vertebral column between dura and vertebra

epidural space

in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid can be removed or anesthetic inject : numbs spinal nerves

spinal block and spinal tab

cavities in CNS that contains fluid

ventricles

fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, provides a protective cushion around the CNS

cerebrospinal fluid

Major parts of the brain

brainstem cerebellum diencephalon cerebrum

regulates cyclical motor function, respiration, walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle

brainstem

regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing, balance

Medulla Oblangata

breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing

Pons

coordinated eye movement, pupil | diameter, turning head toward noise

Midbrain

controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine | motor movement

Cerebellum

Located between the brainstem and cerebrum

Diencephalon

emotional and visceral response to odors

Thalamus

controls homeostasis, body temp, | thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions

Hypothalamus

largest portion of brain

Cerebrum

controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates involuntary movements

Cerebral Cortex

controls right side of body | responsible for math, analytic, and speech

Left hemisphere

controls left side of body | responsible for music, art, abstract ideas

Right hemisphere

connection between 2 hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Lobes of the Brain

Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods, | smell

Frontal Lobe

evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, | temperature, taste

Parietal Lobe

hearing, smell, memory

Temporal Lobe

vision

Occipital Lobe