The Cell - Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory

Question 1

fundamental unit of life

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

Cells of the human body are classified as

Answer 2

eukaryotic

Question 3

is a thin phospholipid bilayer in which
various proteins are embedded or attached

Answer 3

plasma membrane

Question 4

hydrophilic

Answer 4

water-loving

Question 5

hydrophobic

Answer 5

water-fearing

Question 6

The phospholipids are composed of

Answer 6

hydrophilic (“water-loving”) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) lipid tails.

Question 7

Two types of proteins are associated with the phospholipid bilayer:

Answer 7

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

Question 8

are embedded at least partially within
the cell membrane

Answer 8

integral proteins

Question 9

are located on the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane.

Answer 9

peripheral proteins

Question 10

Some integral proteins, called _________________________, span the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 10

transmembrane proteins

Question 11

A plasma membrane is

Answer 11

selectively permeable

Question 12

allows the passage of some substances but not others

Answer 12

selectively permeable

Question 13

Nonpolar molecules such as_____________________________________ pass freely through the membrane

Answer 13

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones

Question 14

water-soluble substances, such as _____________________________________________ are unable to pass freely through the membrane.

Answer 14

amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and many ions

Question 15

can serve as transport channels through which substances move from one side of the membrane to the other.

Answer 15

Integral proteins

Question 16

Cells depend on the ____________________ to import substances such as nutrients, oxygen, and hormones, and to export substances such as carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Answer 16

selectively permeable plasma membrane

Question 17

Both integral and peripheral proteins can serve as _______________________ and they also play major roles in cell-to-cell recognition and intercellular joining.

Answer 17

receptors and enzymes

Question 18

A cell’s membrane transport mechanisms are of two types:

Answer 18

passive and active

Question 19

in which substances cross the membrane without the cell expending any energy,

Answer 19

passive

Question 20

requires the cell to expend energy in the form of the high-energy molecule ATP.

Answer 20

active

Question 21

Among passive transport mechanisms the most common
are

Answer 21

diffusion and osmosis

Question 22

Passive transport mechanisms can be either

Answer 22

unassisted or assisted

Question 23

The unassisted net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

Answer 23

simple diffusion

Question 24

requires the assistance of either a channel protein (channel- mediated facilitated diffusion) or a carrier protein (carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion)

Answer 24

facilitated diffusion

Question 25

assistance of a channel protein

Answer 25

channel- mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 26

assistance of a carrier protein

Answer 26

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 27

is a special type of diffusion involving the passive movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of higher water concentration (and thus lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (and thus higher solute concentration) across a selectively permeable membrane, either through the phospholipid bilayer or through a specific channel protein called an aquaporin

Answer 27

Osmosis

Question 28

substances are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 28

filtration

Question 29

Two common energy-requiring transport mechanisms are termed

Answer 29

active transport and vesicular transport

Question 30

is the movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration and is accomplished with the expenditure of energy.

Answer 30

Active transport

Question 31

is a classic example of an active transport mechanism

Answer 31

sodium-potassium pump

Question 32

of a cell consists of a variety of specialized structures called organelles suspended in a fluid portion called the cytosol, which is largely water containing a variety of solutes such as sugars, proteins, and ions. Organelles perform specific functions to maintain homeostasis within the cell.

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

is largely water containing a variety of solutes such as sugars, proteins, and ions.

Answer 33

cytosol

Question 34

perform specific functions to maintain homeostasis within the cell.

Answer 34

organelles

Question 35

Note that the cytosol of some cells also contains _____________

Answer 35

inclusions

Question 36

are stored cellular products

Answer 36

inclusions

Question 37

Note that the cytosol of some cells also contains inclusions, which are stored cellular products such as

Answer 37

glycogen granules (in muscle fibers and liver cells), lipid droplets (in adipocytes), and pigment granules (in certain skin cells).

Question 38

in muscle fibers and liver cells

Answer 38

glycogen granules

Question 39

in adipocytes

Answer 39

lipid droplets

Question 40

in certain skin cells

Answer 40

pigment granules

Question 41

is the control center of the cell

Answer 41

nucleus

Question 42

single nucleus

Answer 42

uninucleate

Question 43

lacks a nucleus

Answer 43

anucleate

Question 44

example of multinucleate cells are

Answer 44

skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells

Question 45

examples of cells that lacks a nucleus

Answer 45

mature red blood cell

Question 46

The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered

Answer 46

nuclear envelope

Question 47

that regulate the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus

Answer 47

nuclear pore

Question 48

are round, dark-staining structures that function in ribosome synthesis

Answer 48

nucleoli

Question 49

which is composed of tightly coiled DNA (the genetic material), proteins, and RNA.

Answer 49

chromatin

Question 50

Synthesizes proteins.

Answer 50

Ribosome

Question 51

Synthesizes and transports proteins.

Answer 51

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 52

Synthesizes lipids and steroids (cholesterol); detoxifies drugs.

Answer 52

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 53

Packages and modifies proteins.

Answer 53

Golgi apparatus

Question 54

Synthesizes ATP; is the “powerhouse” of the cell.

Answer 54

Mitochondrion

Question 55

Contains enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and substances that have entered the cell.

Answer 55

Lysosome

Question 56

Detoxifies toxic substances.

Answer 56

Peroxisome

Question 57

Organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Answer 57

Centrosome with centrioles

Question 58

Support the cell and give it shape; are components of centrioles, cilia, and flagella; form spindle apparatus during mitosis; transport organelles and structures within the cell.

Answer 58

Microtubules

Question 59

Strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape; stabilize the position of organelles.

Answer 59

Intermediate filaments

Question 60

Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane; enable cellular movements.

Answer 60

Microfilaments

Question 61

consists of the series of events that occur in the life of a cell

Answer 61

cell cycle

Question 62

The cell cycle is divided into two major parts

Answer 62

interphase and mitotic phase

Question 63

during which the cell grows and is metabolically active

Answer 63

interphase

Question 64

during which the cell divides

Answer 64

mitotic phase

Question 65

Interphase is further subdivided into three subphases:

Answer 65

G1, S, and G2.

Question 66

the cell grows, produces additional organelles, and is metabolically active.

Answer 66

G1 phase

Question 67

the cell begins to replicate its centrioles in preparation for cell division.

Answer 67

Toward the end of G1

Question 68

replication (DNA synthesis) occurs

Answer 68

S phase

Question 69

the cell makes an identical copy of its genetic material so that each daughter cell produced during the mitotic phase will have one complete set of chromosomes and will be genetically identical to the parent cell.

Answer 69

replication

Question 70

the cell continues to grow, synthesizes the proteins necessary for cell division, and completes the production of new centrioles.

Answer 70

G2 phase

Question 71

Note that some mature, highly specialized cells (such as _____________________) instead enter an indefinite G0 phase and never enter the mitotic phase.

Answer 71

skeletal muscle fibers and neurons

Question 72

Note that some mature, highly specialized cells (such as skeletal muscle fibers and neurons) instead enter an indefinite ___________ and never enter the mitotic phase.

Answer 72

G0 phase

Question 73

The mitotic phase of the cell cycle consists of two specific events:

Answer 73

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 74

division of the nucleus

Answer 74

mitosis

Question 75

division of the cytoplasm

Answer 75

cytokinesis

Question 76

Mitosis is divided into four phases:

Answer 76

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Question 77

the chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids held together by a centromere) coil and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Answer 77

prophase

Question 78

the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (equator)

Answer 78

metaphase

Question 79

the sister chromatids of each chromosome split apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 79

anaphase

Question 80

the sister chromatids reach the opposite poles and uncoil to become chromatin once again as new nuclear envelopes form around each mass of chromatin.

Answer 80

telophase

Question 81

begins during anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase.

Answer 81

cytokinesis

Question 82

is completed by the formation of two daughter cells, each of which is genetically identical to the parent cell.

Answer 82

cytokinesis