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Anatomy and Physiology > The Cell - Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory > Flashcards

The Cell - Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental unit of life

A

cell

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2
Q

Cells of the human body are classified as

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

is a thin phospholipid bilayer in which
various proteins are embedded or attached

A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving

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5
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-fearing

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6
Q

The phospholipids are composed of

A

hydrophilic (“water-loving”) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) lipid tails.

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7
Q

Two types of proteins are associated with the phospholipid bilayer:

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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8
Q

are embedded at least partially within
the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

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9
Q

are located on the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane.

A

peripheral proteins

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10
Q

Some integral proteins, called _________________________, span the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer.

A

transmembrane proteins

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11
Q

A plasma membrane is

A

selectively permeable

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12
Q

allows the passage of some substances but not others

A

selectively permeable

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13
Q

Nonpolar molecules such as_____________________________________ pass freely through the membrane

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones

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14
Q

water-soluble substances, such as _____________________________________________ are unable to pass freely through the membrane.

A

amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and many ions

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15
Q

can serve as transport channels through which substances move from one side of the membrane to the other.

A

Integral proteins

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16
Q

Cells depend on the ____________________ to import substances such as nutrients, oxygen, and hormones, and to export substances such as carbon dioxide and other waste products.

A

selectively permeable plasma membrane

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17
Q

Both integral and peripheral proteins can serve as _______________________ and they also play major roles in cell-to-cell recognition and intercellular joining.

A

receptors and enzymes

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18
Q

A cell’s membrane transport mechanisms are of two types:

A

passive and active

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19
Q

in which substances cross the membrane without the cell expending any energy,

A

passive

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20
Q

requires the cell to expend energy in the form of the high-energy molecule ATP.

A

active

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21
Q

Among passive transport mechanisms the most common
are

A

diffusion and osmosis

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22
Q

Passive transport mechanisms can be either

A

unassisted or assisted

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23
Q

The unassisted net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

A

simple diffusion

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24
Q

requires the assistance of either a channel protein (channel- mediated facilitated diffusion) or a carrier protein (carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion)

A

facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

assistance of a channel protein

A

channel- mediated facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

assistance of a carrier protein

A

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

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27
Q

is a special type of diffusion involving the passive movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of higher water concentration (and thus lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (and thus higher solute concentration) across a selectively permeable membrane, either through the phospholipid bilayer or through a specific channel protein called an aquaporin

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

substances are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

A

filtration

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29
Q

Two common energy-requiring transport mechanisms are termed

A

active transport and vesicular transport

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30
Q

is the movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration and is accomplished with the expenditure of energy.

A

Active transport

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31
Q

is a classic example of an active transport mechanism

A

sodium-potassium pump

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32
Q

of a cell consists of a variety of specialized structures called organelles suspended in a fluid portion called the cytosol, which is largely water containing a variety of solutes such as sugars, proteins, and ions. Organelles perform specific functions to maintain homeostasis within the cell.

A

cytoplasm

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33
Q

is largely water containing a variety of solutes such as sugars, proteins, and ions.

A

cytosol

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34
Q

perform specific functions to maintain homeostasis within the cell.

A

organelles

35
Q

Note that the cytosol of some cells also contains _____________

A

inclusions

36
Q

are stored cellular products

A

inclusions

37
Q

Note that the cytosol of some cells also contains inclusions, which are stored cellular products such as

A

glycogen granules (in muscle fibers and liver cells), lipid droplets (in adipocytes), and pigment granules (in certain skin cells).

38
Q

in muscle fibers and liver cells

A

glycogen granules

39
Q

in adipocytes

A

lipid droplets

40
Q

in certain skin cells

A

pigment granules

41
Q

is the control center of the cell

42
Q

single nucleus

A

uninucleate

43
Q

lacks a nucleus

44
Q

example of multinucleate cells are

A

skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells

45
Q

examples of cells that lacks a nucleus

A

mature red blood cell

46
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered

A

nuclear envelope

47
Q

that regulate the movement of substances into and out
of the nucleus

A

nuclear pore

48
Q

are round, dark-staining structures that function in ribosome synthesis

49
Q

which is composed of tightly coiled DNA (the genetic material), proteins, and RNA.

50
Q

Synthesizes proteins.

51
Q

Synthesizes and transports proteins.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

52
Q

Synthesizes lipids and steroids (cholesterol); detoxifies drugs.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

53
Q

Packages and modifies proteins.

A

Golgi apparatus

54
Q

Synthesizes ATP; is the “powerhouse” of the cell.

A

Mitochondrion

55
Q

Contains enzymes that digest worn-out organelles and substances that have entered the cell.

56
Q

Detoxifies toxic substances.

A

Peroxisome

57
Q

Organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division.

A

Centrosome with centrioles

58
Q

Support the cell and give it shape; are components of centrioles, cilia, and flagella; form spindle apparatus during mitosis; transport organelles and structures within the cell.

A

Microtubules

59
Q

Strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape; stabilize the position of organelles.

A

Intermediate filaments

60
Q

Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane; enable cellular movements.

A

Microfilaments

61
Q

consists of the series of events that occur in the life of a cell

A

cell cycle

62
Q

The cell cycle is divided into two major parts

A

interphase and mitotic phase

63
Q

during which the cell grows and is metabolically active

A

interphase

64
Q

during which the cell divides

A

mitotic phase

65
Q

Interphase is further subdivided into three
subphases:

A

G1, S, and G2.

66
Q

the cell grows, produces additional organelles, and is metabolically active.

67
Q

the cell begins to replicate its centrioles in preparation for cell division.

A

Toward the end of G1

68
Q

replication (DNA synthesis) occurs

69
Q

the cell makes an identical copy of its genetic material so that each daughter cell produced during the mitotic phase will have one complete set of chromosomes and will be genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

replication

70
Q

the cell continues to grow, synthesizes the proteins necessary for cell division, and completes the production of new centrioles.

71
Q

Note that some mature, highly specialized cells (such as _____________________) instead enter an indefinite G0 phase and never enter the mitotic phase.

A

skeletal muscle fibers and neurons

72
Q

Note that some mature, highly specialized cells (such as skeletal muscle fibers and neurons) instead enter an indefinite ___________ and never enter the mitotic phase.

73
Q

The mitotic phase of the cell cycle consists of two specific
events:

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

74
Q

division of the nucleus

75
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

76
Q

Mitosis is divided into four phases:

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

77
Q

the chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids
held together by a centromere) coil and become visible, the
nuclear envelope breaks down, the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, and the mitotic spindle forms.

78
Q

the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (equator)

79
Q

the sister chromatids of each chromosome split apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.

80
Q

the sister chromatids reach the opposite poles and uncoil to become chromatin once again as new nuclear envelopes form around each mass of chromatin.

81
Q

begins during anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase.

A

cytokinesis

82
Q

is completed by the formation of two daughter cells, each of which is genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

cytokinesis

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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