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Anatomy and Physiology > Histology - Anaphy and Physiology Laboratory > Flashcards

Histology - Anaphy and Physiology Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

is a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions

A

tissue

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2
Q

is the study of the normal structure of tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

Four tissue types in the adult human body:

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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4
Q

covers and lines all body surfaces and cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

very widespread and performs binding, support, protection, and transport functions

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

contracts and generates force

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

generates, sends, and receives electrical signals throughout the body

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

Each of the body’s organs is composed of

A

two or more tissue types

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9
Q

The innermost layer of the intestinal wall consists largely of _________________________ that secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

A

epithelial tissue

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9
Q

The small intestine, for example, contains

A

all four tissue types

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10
Q

The innermost layer of the intestinal wall consists largely of epithelial tissue that

A

secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

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11
Q

The second layer the intestinal wall consists of ___________________________________ that supports the epithelium and contains a rich supply of blood vessels that carry absorbed nutrients away from the small intestine

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

The second layer the intestinal wall consists of connective tissue that

A

supports the epithelium and contains a rich supply of blood vessels that carry absorbed nutrients away from the small intestine

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13
Q

The third layer consists of ________________________ which contracts to mix the intestinal contents and propel them toward the large intestine

A

smooth muscle tissue

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14
Q

The third layer consists of smooth muscle tissue which

A

contracts to mix the intestinal contents and propel them toward the large intestine

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15
Q

penetrating all the layers of the intestinal wall transmit sensory information from the small intestine to the CNS, and motor commands from the CNS to the smooth muscle layers

A

Nerve fibers

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16
Q

Nerve fibers penetrating all the layers of the intestinal wall

A

transmit sensory information from the small intestine to the CNS, and motor commands from the CNS to the smooth muscle layers

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17
Q

covers both internal body surfaces (such as the inner lining of the stomach) and external body surfaces (such as the skin).

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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18
Q
  • it also forms glands, such as sweat glands
A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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19
Q

performs a wide variety of functions, including transport (diffusion and active transport), secretion, and protection.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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20
Q

consists of tightly packed cells sitting on an adhesive, acellular structure called a basement membrane, which attaches it to underlying connective tissue.

A

Epithelium

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21
Q

an adhesive, acellular structure which attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue is ______________—it has no blood supply of its own.

A

avascular

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23
Q

Epithelial tissue is avascular—

A

it has no blood supply of its own

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24
Each epithelium has two basic characteristics:
* the number of cell layers * the shape of its cells
25
Epithelia that have a single layer of cells
Simple Epithelia
26
Epithelia that have two or more layers
Stratified Epithelia
27
Epithelial cells are either:
* flattened (squamous) * cube shaped (cuboidal) * column shaped (columnar)
28
flattened
squamous
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cube shaped
cuboidal
30
column shaped
columnar
31
Epithelia are named according to the
combination of cell shape and number of cell layers
32
A single layer of flattened epithelial cells
Simple squamous epithelium
33
Example is the air sacs in the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium
34
example of Simple squamous epithelium
air sacs in the lungs
35
A single layer of cube-shaped epithelial cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium
36
example of Simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules
37
a single layer of column-shaped cells
Simple columnar epithelium
38
found in the small intestine.
Simple columnar epithelium
39
consists of two or more cell layers in which the basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, but the apical cells are flattened.
Stratified squamous epithelium
40
- those closest to the basement membrane - are cuboidal or columnar
Basal cells
41
Stratified squamous epithelia are subdivided into two types:
* nonkeratinized * keratinized
42
the outermost layer of cells is living
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
43
the outermost cells are dead and filled with the waterproofing protein keratin
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
44
waterproofing protein
Keratin
45
Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
46
whereas two or more layers of column-shaped cells
Stratified columnar epithelium
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The number of layers directly determines the ______________ of epithelial tissue
function
48
The single cell layer of simple epithelia easily
permits passage of materials across it, so they are important in transport and secretion.
49
The many cell layers in stratified epithelia
provide protection against friction and abrasion
50
There are two unique examples of simple and stratified epithelia:
* Pseudostratified columnar epithelium * Transitional Epithelium
51
consists of column-shaped cells of differing heights containing nuclei at different levels of the cells
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
52
this epithelium appears to be stratified, but because every cell rests on the basement membrane, it consists of only a single layer of cells.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Pseudostratified epithelium can be
ciliated or nonciliated.
54
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in
trachea
55
is a stratified epithelium found only in the urinary system
Transitional epithelium
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the unique dome-shaped cells on its apical surface change shape according to the degree of stretch required of the structure in which they are found
Transitional epithelium
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the apical cells in transitional epithrlium are ______________ when the structure is distended, and __________________ when the structure is empty
flattened; rounded (dome shaped)
58
is the body’s most widespread tissue type
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
59
consist of scattered cells embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
60
is composed of a ground substance plus various types of protein fibers and ranges from a liquid (as in blood) to a solid (as in bone).
Matrix
61
Protein fibers include:
* collagen fibers * elastic fibers
62
give the tissue strength and resist tension and pressure
collagen fibers
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give the tissue flexibility
elastic fibers
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provide a supporting network for the entire tissue.
reticular fibers
65
The various combinations of ground substance, protein fibers, and cells enable connective tissue to perform a large variety of functions:
binding, support, protection, and transport
66
Connective tissues can be divided into two groups:
* connective tissue proper * specialized connective tissue
67
connective tissue proper
- loose connective tissue - dense connective tissue - reticular tissue - adipose tissue
68
specialized connective tissue
- cartilage - bone - blood
69
Connective tissue proper contains four major types of cells:
- fibroblasts - adipocytes - macrophages - mast cells
70
- The most prominent cells - produce the protein fibers of the ECM
Fibroblasts
71
- fat cells - filled with lipid droplets - found in many different connective tissues
Adipocytes
72
Two specialized types of leukocytes:
- macrophages - mast cells
73
phagocytic
Macrophages
74
function in inflammation
Mast cells
75
Connective tissue proper includes four types of tissue:
- Loose connective tissue - Dense connective tissue - Reticular tissue - Adipose tissue
76
Loose connective tissue are also known as
areolar connective tissue
77
provides support and protection in the walls of hollow organs and membranes lining body cavities.
Loose connective tissue
78
consists of fibroblasts and all three types of protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance, plus scattered macrophages, mast cells, and fat cells.
Loose connective tissue
79
primary component is protein fibers, which provide strength
Dense connective tissue
80
provide strength
protein fibers
81
The three types of dense connective tissue are:
* Dense regular * Dense irregular (collagen fibers) * Dense regular elastic (elastic)
82
- found in tendons and ligaments
Dense regular connective tissue
83
resists unidirectional stress because of the parallel arrangement of fibers
Dense regular connective tissue
84
found in the deep layer of thick skin and around joints
Dense irregular connective tissue
85
resists stress from every direction because of the haphazard arrangement of fibers
Dense irregular connective tissue
86
primarily contains elastic fibers
Elastic connective tissue
87
allows stretch and recoil in large blood vessels and certain ligaments
Elastic connective tissue
88
the fine network of fibers that forms the structure of many organs and supports small structures such as blood vessels and leukocytes
Reticular Tissue
89
is found in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Reticular Tissue
90
adipose tissue consists primarily of
adipocytes
91
functions in insulation, warmth, shock absorption, and energy storage
adipose tissue
92
found deep to the skin; in the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, and thighs; and surrounding the heart and abdominal organs
adipose tissue
93
perform more specialized functions than does connective tissue proper
Specialized Connective Tissues
94
functions in support, maintaining the shape of structures, and shock absorption
Cartilage
95
the major cells in cartilage are
Chondrocytes
96
The three types of cartilage are:
* hyaline cartilage * fibrocartilage * elastic cartilage
97
found in the trachea and between bones in joints
Hyaline cartilage
98
found between intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
99
found in the external ear and the epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
100
functions in support and protection
Bone
101
serves as attachment sites for muscles, produces blood, and stores fat and minerals
Bone
102
major cells of bones are
osteocytes
103
Blood contains three so-called “formed elements”:
* erythrocytes * leukocytes * platelets
104
- red blood cells - transport oxygen
erythrocytes
105
- white blood cells - function in immunity
leukocytes
106
function in blood clotting
Platelets
107
located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous Tissue
108
Nervous tissue contains two types of cells:
* neurons * neurological cells
109
transmit electrical signals to, from, and within the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).
Neurons
110
their structure is highly adapted for sending and receiving electrical impulses.
Neurons
111
neurons have two types of cell processes:
* dendrites * axons
112
receive and carry impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
113
carry impulses away from the cell body.
Axons
114
Neuroglial cells are also referred to as
supporting cells
115
they support, anchor, monitor, nourish, and insulate neurons
Neuroglial cells
116
are unable to transmit electrical signals
Neuroglial cells
117
most neuroglial cells are unable to transmit electrical signals and are thus considered
nonirritable
118
There are three types of muscle tissue: (all of which are capable of contraction)
* Skeletal muscle * Cardiac muscle * Muscle cells (smooth muscle)
119
- attached to bone - are long and cylindrical, multinucleate, and surrounded by a thin connective tissue sheath called endomysium
Skeletal muscle
120
skeletal muscle appear striated (striped) due to the particular arrangement within them of the contractile myofilaments ______________________
actin and myosin
121
skeletal muscle are under
voluntary control
122
thin connective tissue sheath
Endomysium
123
- found only in the heart - are short, branched, typically uninucleate cells that are interconnected by intercalated discs and surrounded by endomysium.
Cardiac muscle
124
cardiac msucle are striated but
not under voluntary control
125
are thin, uninucleate, tapered cells that lack striations
Smooth muscle
126
smooth muscle are
not voluntarily controlled

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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