Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab

Question 1

The integumentary system is composed of

Answer 1

skin, or cutaneous membrane, plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands.

Question 2

the largest and most visible organ of the body

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

functions of skin

Answer 3

• protection by forming an impenetrable barrier to infectious agents
• excretion of sweat, waste products (including lactic acid and urea) are released onto the skin.
• enable sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration
• thermoregulation by removing excess heat or preventing heat loss
• synthesis of vitamin D

Question 4

The skin is made up of two distinct layers:

Answer 4

the superficial epidermis and the underlying dermis

Question 5

lies deep to the dermis, and although it is not considered a component of the skin, it does help the skin perform its functions

Answer 5

hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer)

Question 6

consists of loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue.

Answer 6

hypodermis

Question 7

The epidermis is

Answer 7

avascular and composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

The epidermis contains four distinct cell types:

Answer 8

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and Merkel (tactile) cells

Question 9

produce the strong waterproofing protein keratin

Answer 9

keratinocytes

Question 10

produce the protective pigment melanin

Answer 10

melanocytes

Question 11

are specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis, where they function as phagocytes.

Answer 11

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Question 12

are located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in light touch reception

Answer 12

Merkel (tactile) cells

Question 13

thick skin is located where

Answer 13

only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Question 14

thick skin contains how many strata?

Answer 14

five strata

Question 15

thin skin is located where

Answer 15

located everywhere else in the body

Question 16

thin skin contains how many strata?

Answer 16

four strata

Question 17

what stratum is absent in thin skin?

Answer 17

stratum lucidum is absent

Question 18

what are the five layers/strata of the epidermis? (from top to bottom)

Answer 18

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 19

the deepest layer of the epidermis, consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) attached to a basement membrane.

Answer 19

stratum basale

Question 20

contains 8–10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in histological preparations.

Answer 20

stratum spinosum

Question 21

consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called keratinization).

Answer 21

stratum granulosum

Question 22

which is found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles, consists of two to four translucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes

Answer 22

stratum lucidum

Question 23

The most superficial epidermal stratum, the ______________________, is the thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells.

Answer 23

stratum corneum

Question 24

Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular ______

Answer 24

dermis

Question 25

Underlying the epidermis is the highly vascular dermis, which consists of a

Answer 25

papillary layer and a reticular layer

Question 26

which lies immediately deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose connective tissue, is so named because it contains finger-like projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis

Answer 26

papillary layer

Question 27

finger-like projections called ___________________ , many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

Answer 27

dermal papillae

Question 28

Other dermal papillae contain __________________, which respond to light touch, or free nerve endings, which function as pain or temperature receptors.

Answer 28

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

Question 29

are prominent on the hands and feet and form dermal ridges that indent the epidermis and form fingerprints.

Answer 29

Dermal papillae

Question 30

the deepest layer of the skin, consists largely of dense, irregular connective tissue and accounts for approximately 80% of dermal thickness.

Answer 30

reticular layer

Question 31

The reticular layer contains

Answer 31

an abundance of collagen fibers (for strength), elastic fibers (for flexibility), and reticular fibers (to form a supporting network for dermal structures).

Question 32

are also located in the reticular layer. Their multilayered capsule is specialized to detect pressure and vibrations

Answer 32

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Question 33

The accessory structures of the skin include

Answer 33

hairs, nails, and glands

Question 34

Hairs are found all over the body surface—with the exception of the

Answer 34

palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia, and nipples.

Question 35

are produced by structures called hair follicles

Answer 35

Hairs

Question 36

Hairs are produced by structures called

Answer 36

hair follicles

Question 37

Hairs consist of two basic parts:

Answer 37

shaft and root

Question 38

which is composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and projects from the skin surface

Answer 38

hair shaft

Question 39

which is enclosed by the hair follicle projecting down into the dermis

Answer 39

hair root

Question 40

a hair can be seen to consist of three distinct layers of keratinized cells

Answer 40

an inner medulla, a middle cortex, and an outer cuticle

Question 41

Hair color is largely determined by the type and amount of ________ within the _______________

Answer 41

melanin; cortex

Question 42

is formed by layers of epidermal tissue, called the epithelial root sheath, that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue.

Answer 42

hair follicle

Question 43

layers of epidermal tissue that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue

Answer 43

epithelial root sheath

Question 44

cause goosebumps

Answer 44

arrector pili muscle

Question 45

knob-like base of the hair root that contains the matrix, the living, mitotically active part of the hair that adds new hair cells to the base of the hair root.

Answer 45

hair bulb

Question 46

are connected to the base of the hair bulb

Answer 46

sensory receptors

Question 47

a small projection of dermal tissue from the dermal root sheath that protrudes into the hair bulb, contains capillaries that supply the growing hair cells with oxygen and nutrients

Answer 47

hair papilla

Question 48

are modifications of the epidermis that protect the dorsal ends of the fingers and toes.

Answer 48

Nails

Question 49

These structures are associated with a nail:

Answer 49

two nail folds, the eponychium (or cuticle), lunula

Question 50

the folds of skin along either side of the nail body

Answer 50

two nail folds

Question 51

the thick fold at the proximal end of the nail

Answer 51

eponychium (or cuticle)

Question 52

the white, crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail.

Answer 52

lunula

Question 53

rests on a region of the epidermis called the nail bed.

Answer 53

nail body

Question 54

nail body rests on a region of the epidermis called the

Answer 54

nail bed

Question 55

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed, called the _______________, is responsible for nail growth

Answer 55

nail matrix

Question 56

are exocrine glands—glands that release their secretory products onto external or internal body surfaces.

Answer 56

Sebaceous Glands

Question 57

Most sebaceous glands secrete an oily, acidic substance called _____________ into hair follicles, although some deposit sebum directly onto the skin surface.

Answer 57

sebum

Question 58

acts as a lubricant that keeps the skin and hair soft and moist and deters the growth of infectious agents

Answer 58

sebum

Question 59

Sebaceous glands are located

Answer 59

in skin everywhere except the palms and soles.

Question 60

which are also exocrine glands, consist of a coiled secretory component and a duct composed of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue.

Answer 60

sweat glands

Question 61

Two types of glands produce sweat:

Answer 61

eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

Question 62

are distributed all over the body, and they secrete sweat that is primarily water but also contains salts and waste products.

Answer 62

eccrine sweat glands

Question 63

The primary function of eccrine sweat glands is

Answer 63

temperature regulation

Question 64

are confined to the groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple.

Answer 64

apocrine sweat glands

Question 65

They tend to be larger and deeper in the dermis than eccrine sweat glands, and they have ducts that empty into hair follicles

Answer 65

apocrine sweat glands