Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
The ____________ has something to do with the ____________
A
structure, function
2
Q
grape like structure; space occupied by the air
A
alveoli
3
Q
separation; it separates from the other environment; the one that keeps air separated from the rest
A
wall
4
Q
spaces within an organism where there is the constant presence of air
A
air sac
4
Q
Gas exchange happens in the lungs but specifically in the
A
blood vessels
5
Q
smallest vessels
A
capillaries
6
Q
tomy
A
process of cutting
6
Q
ana
A
up
6
Q
is the science of body structures and the relationships among them
A
Anatomy
6
Q
Anatomy was first studied through
A
dissection
7
Q
- science of body functions
- how the body parts work
A
Physiology
8
Q
- the only way to produce an embryo is the
A
fertilization process
8
Q
- the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
- development of embryo
A
Embryology
9
Q
the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
A
Developmental Biology
9
Q
study of cellular structures and functions
A
Cell Biology
10
Q
- microscopic structures of tissues
- the study of tissues
A
Histology
10
Q
structures that can be studied without a microscope
A
Gross anatomy
11
Q
structure of specific systems of the body such as the Nervous System and Regulatory System
A
Systemic Anatomy
11
Q
a medical examination of a deceased person’s body to determine the cause of death.
A
Autopsy
11
Q
medical procedure that involves the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under microscope to diagnose a disease or condition.
A
Biopsy
12
Q
- specific regions such as the head or chest
A
Regional Anatomy
13
Q
internal body structures that can be visualized
A
Imaging Anatomy
13
Q
- functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
A
Molecular Physiology
13
Q
- is the most accepted theory about life existence
- organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions.
A
Primordial Soup
13
- structural changes associated with disease
- has something to do with disease
Pathological Anatomy
13
surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation.
Surface Anatomy
13
- functional properties of nerve cells.
Neurophysiology
14
- the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
Immunology
14
messengers that sends signals to another part of the body
hormones
14
- hormones and how they control body functions
Endocrinology
15
- functions of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular Physiology
16
- the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
Immunology
16
- functions of air passageways and lungs
Respiratory Physiology
16
functions of the kidney
Renal Physiology
16
changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Exercise Physiology
16
functional changes associated with disease and aging
Pathophysiology
17
Levels of Structural Organizations and Body Systems
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
17
- basic level
- can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two atoms joined together.
Chemical Level
17
the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
atoms
18
two atoms joined together
molecules
19
a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio
compound
19
molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Cellular Level
20
are group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform particular functions.
tissues
20
- Different types of tissues are joined together to form an
organ
20
- Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ.
- is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
Organ Level
21
is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
organ system
22
- An organism is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
- The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another.
Organism Level
23
11 Major Organ Systems of the Body
* Integumentary System
* Skeletal System
* Muscular System
* Nervous System
* Endocrine System
* Cardiovascular System
* Lymphatic System
* Respiratory System
* Digestive System
* Urinary System
* Reproductive System
23
is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
organism
23
Basic Life Processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
23
- Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
23
throwing down
catabol
23
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
24
is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Responsiveness
24
- Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Movement
24
ism
a condition
24
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
anabolism
25
anabol
raising up
26
- An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
Growth
27
- Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
Homeostatis
27
- Such precursor cells, which can divide, and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as
stem cells
27
- Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
27
programmed cell death; the reason why the cells are dying
Apoptosis
27
2 types of cells in the body
body cells and sex cells
27
The formation of new cells occurs through
cell division
27
are the cells in the body other than germ cells (sperm and egg cells).
body cells (somatic cells)
27
- (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or
- (2) the production of a new individual
- The formation of new cells occurs through cell division.
Reproduction
27
other term for Circulatory System
Cardiovascular Physiology
27
_____________ is focusing on the circulation of blood while _______________ is focusing on the structure of the heart and the blood vessels (vascular system).
circulatory, cardiovascular
27
an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism
germ cells/sex cells
27
There will be a point in a cell’s life cycle that it knows what to do on its own.
Differentiation
27
In humans, somatic cells are ______________
diploid
28
contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
diploid
28
an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism
sex cells
28
other name for body cells
somatic cells
28
other name for sex cells
germ cells/gametes
28
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
29
refers to stability, balance or equilibrium
Homeostasis
29
the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment
the body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment
30
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
31
In response to changing conditions, the body’s parameters can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
Homeostasis
32
tend to increase the original disturbance
(stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.
positive feedback
32
action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change
negative feedback
33
too low temperature, metabolism ______________ and energy production is _____________
slows down, reduced
33
action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change
negative feedback
33
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.
33
The process of individual development from a single cell, an egg cell or a zygote, to an adult organism
ontogeny
33
too high temperature, metabolism is _____________ and enzymic activity is _______________
unbalanced, tampered
33
Osmoregulation
the maintenance of the water balance
33
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state
positive feedback
34
Extracellular fluids
the fluids outside cells
34
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells walls as well as surrounding them.
Body Fluids
34
the fluids within cells
Intracellular Fluids
34
Body fluids are the _______ that help molecules travel to another portion of the body.
agents
34
Extracellular Fluids
Interstitial Fluid, Blood Plasma, Lymph, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Synovial Fluid, Aqueous humor and vitreous body
35
ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of the tissue.
Interstitial Fluid
35
in and around the spinal cord; bathes the Central Nervous System.
Cerebrospinal fluid
35
with lymphatic vessels
Lymph
35
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
Lymph
35
takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it
Blood plasma
35
transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to different parts of the body and removes metabolic waste from cells
Lymph
35
ECF within blood vessels
Blood plasma
36
in joints; reduces friction between articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement
Synovial Fluid
36
ECF of the eyes
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
36
of the body refers to the ECF (interstitial fluid and plasma) that surrounds the cell.
internal environment
36
the largest internal organ
liver
36
Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury. It is the location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and oil glands
Integumentary System
36
* Provides protection
* regulates temperature
* prevents water loss
* helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary System
36
* Provides protection and support
* allows body movements
* produces blood cells
* stores minerals and adipose
Skeletal System
36
largest organ of the body
skin
36
– first person to illustrate the complete and correct human skeleton
Leonardo da Vinci
36
the Integumentary System consists of?
skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
37
* Produces body movements
* maintains posture
* produces body heat
Muscular System
37
Muscular System consists of?
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
37
The Skeletal System consists of?
bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
37
Types of Neurons
Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent
37
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
37
Nervous System consists of?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
38
* A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Nervous System
38
Endocrine System consists of?
glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
39
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular System
39
plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
40
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
40
Cardiovascular System concists of?
heart, blood vessels, and blood.
40
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrientsand elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
40
* Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
* combats disease
* maintains tissue fluid balance
* absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System
40
Lymphatic System consists of?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
41
Respiratory System consists of?
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
41
Digestive System consists of?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
42
Urinary System consists of?
kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
42
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
42
Female Reproductive System consists of?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.
42
produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Female Reproductive System
42
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
Female Reproductive System
43
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
44
Male Reproductive System consists of?
testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
45
Operation of a feedback system
1) the receptor, 2) the control center and 3) the effector
The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing. The control center or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor and lastly, the effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. This is an ongoing process that continually works to restore and maintain homeostasis.
46
Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by a negative feedback system
Blood vessels have sensors called baroreceptors that detect if blood pressure is too high or too low and send a signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, which act as effectors in blood pressure regulation. If blood pressure is too high, the heart rate decreases as the blood vessels increase in diameter (vasodilation), while the kidneys retain less water. These changes would cause the blood pressure to return to its normal range. The process reverses when blood pressure decreases, causing blood vessels to constrict and the kidney to increase water retention.
47
Positive feedback control of labor contractions during birth of a baby
The first contractions of labor (the stimulus) push the baby toward the cervix (the lowest part of the uterus). The cervix contains stretch-sensitive nerve cells that monitor the degree of stretching (the sensors). These nerve cells send messages to the brain, which in turn causes the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream. Oxytocin causes stronger contractions of the smooth muscles in of the uterus (the effectors), pushing the baby further down the birth canal. This causes even greater stretching of the cervix. The cycle of stretching, oxytocin release, and increasingly more forceful contractions stops only when the baby is born. At this point, the stretching of the cervix halts, stopping the release of oxytocin.
48
is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on
feedback system
49
each monitored variable such as body temperature, blood, pressure, etc. is termed as
controlled condition (controlled variable)
50
any disruption that changes a controlled condition is a
stimulus
51
is a body structure that monitors changes in a contropled conditions and sends input to a control center
receptor
52
information flows toward the control center
afferent pathway
53
typically input is in the form of
nerve impulses or chemical signals
54
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained
control center
55
output from the control center typically occurs as
nerve impulses or hormones or other chemical signals
56
information flows away from the control centee
afferent pathway
57
is a body structure that receives output from the control center
effector
58
effector produces a _______ or effect that changes the controlled condition
response
