Lesson 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The ____________ has something to do with the ____________
structure, function
grape like structure; space occupied by the air
alveoli
separation; it separates from the other environment; the one that keeps air separated from the rest
wall
spaces within an organism where there is the constant presence of air
air sac
Gas exchange happens in the lungs but specifically in the
blood vessels
smallest vessels
capillaries
tomy
process of cutting
ana
up
is the science of body structures and the relationships among them
Anatomy
Anatomy was first studied through
dissection
- science of body functions
- how the body parts work
Physiology
- the only way to produce an embryo is the
fertilization process
- the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
- development of embryo
Embryology
the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
Developmental Biology
study of cellular structures and functions
Cell Biology
- microscopic structures of tissues
- the study of tissues
Histology
structures that can be studied without a microscope
Gross anatomy
structure of specific systems of the body such as the Nervous System and Regulatory System
Systemic Anatomy
a medical examination of a deceased person’s body to determine the cause of death.
Autopsy
medical procedure that involves the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under microscope to diagnose a disease or condition.
Biopsy
- specific regions such as the head or chest
Regional Anatomy
internal body structures that can be visualized
Imaging Anatomy
- functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
Molecular Physiology
- is the most accepted theory about life existence
- organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions.
Primordial Soup
- structural changes associated with disease
- has something to do with disease
Pathological Anatomy
surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpitation.
Surface Anatomy
- functional properties of nerve cells.
Neurophysiology
- the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
Immunology
messengers that sends signals to another part of the body
hormones
- hormones and how they control body functions
Endocrinology
- functions of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular Physiology
- the body’s defenses against disease causing agents
Immunology
- functions of air passageways and lungs
Respiratory Physiology
functions of the kidney
Renal Physiology
changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Exercise Physiology
functional changes associated with disease and aging
Pathophysiology
Levels of Structural Organizations and Body Systems
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
- basic level
- can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two atoms joined together.
Chemical Level
the smallest living unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
atoms
two atoms joined together
molecules
a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio
compound
molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Cellular Level
are group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform particular functions.
tissues
- Different types of tissues are joined together to form an
organ
- Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ.
- is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
Organ Level
is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
organ system
- An organism is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
- The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another.
Organism Level
11 Major Organ Systems of the Body
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
organism
Basic Life Processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
- Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
throwing down
catabol
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Responsiveness
- Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Movement
ism
a condition
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
anabolism
anabol
raising up
- An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
Growth
- Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
Homeostatis
- Such precursor cells, which can divide, and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as
stem cells
- Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
programmed cell death; the reason why the cells are dying
Apoptosis
2 types of cells in the body
body cells and sex cells
The formation of new cells occurs through
cell division
are the cells in the body other than germ cells (sperm and egg cells).
body cells (somatic cells)
- (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or
- (2) the production of a new individual
- The formation of new cells occurs through cell division.
Reproduction
other term for Circulatory System
Cardiovascular Physiology
_____________ is focusing on the circulation of blood while _______________ is focusing on the structure of the heart and the blood vessels (vascular system).
circulatory, cardiovascular
an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism
germ cells/sex cells
There will be a point in a cell’s life cycle that it knows what to do on its own.
Differentiation
In humans, somatic cells are ______________
diploid
contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
diploid
an organism’s reproductive cells. Capable of produce a new organism
sex cells
other name for body cells
somatic cells
other name for sex cells
germ cells/gametes
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
refers to stability, balance or equilibrium
Homeostasis
the body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment
the body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
In response to changing conditions, the body’s parameters can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
Homeostasis
tend to increase the original disturbance
(stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.
positive feedback
action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change
negative feedback
too low temperature, metabolism ______________ and energy production is _____________
slows down, reduced
action in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change
negative feedback
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.
The process of individual development from a single cell, an egg cell or a zygote, to an adult organism
ontogeny
too high temperature, metabolism is _____________ and enzymic activity is _______________
unbalanced, tampered
Osmoregulation
the maintenance of the water balance
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state
positive feedback
Extracellular fluids
the fluids outside cells
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells walls as well as surrounding them.
Body Fluids
the fluids within cells
Intracellular Fluids
Body fluids are the _______ that help molecules travel to another portion of the body.
agents
Extracellular Fluids
Interstitial Fluid, Blood Plasma, Lymph, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Synovial Fluid, Aqueous humor and vitreous body
ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of the tissue.
Interstitial Fluid
in and around the spinal cord; bathes the Central Nervous System.
Cerebrospinal fluid
with lymphatic vessels
Lymph
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
Lymph
takes nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it
Blood plasma
transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to different parts of the body and removes metabolic waste from cells
Lymph
ECF within blood vessels
Blood plasma
in joints; reduces friction between articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement
Synovial Fluid
ECF of the eyes
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
of the body refers to the ECF (interstitial fluid and plasma) that surrounds the cell.
internal environment
the largest internal organ
liver
Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury. It is the location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and oil glands
Integumentary System
- Provides protection
- regulates temperature
- prevents water loss
- helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary System
- Provides protection and support
- allows body movements
- produces blood cells
- stores minerals and adipose
Skeletal System
largest organ of the body
skin
– first person to illustrate the complete and correct human skeleton
Leonardo da Vinci
the Integumentary System consists of?
skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
- Produces body movements
- maintains posture
- produces body heat
Muscular System
Muscular System consists of?
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
The Skeletal System consists of?
bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Types of Neurons
Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
Nervous System consists of?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Nervous System
Endocrine System consists of?
glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular System
plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System concists of?
heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrientsand elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
- Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
- combats disease
- maintains tissue fluid balance
- absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System consists of?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Respiratory System consists of?
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Digestive System consists of?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Urinary System consists of?
kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System consists of?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.
produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Female Reproductive System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
Female Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System consists of?
testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Operation of a feedback system
1) the receptor, 2) the control center and 3) the effector
The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing. The control center or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor and lastly, the effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. This is an ongoing process that continually works to restore and maintain homeostasis.
Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by a negative feedback system
Blood vessels have sensors called baroreceptors that detect if blood pressure is too high or too low and send a signal to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then sends a message to the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, which act as effectors in blood pressure regulation. If blood pressure is too high, the heart rate decreases as the blood vessels increase in diameter (vasodilation), while the kidneys retain less water. These changes would cause the blood pressure to return to its normal range. The process reverses when blood pressure decreases, causing blood vessels to constrict and the kidney to increase water retention.
Positive feedback control of labor contractions during birth of a baby
The first contractions of labor (the stimulus) push the baby toward the cervix (the lowest part of the uterus). The cervix contains stretch-sensitive nerve cells that monitor the degree of stretching (the sensors). These nerve cells send messages to the brain, which in turn causes the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream. Oxytocin causes stronger contractions of the smooth muscles in of the uterus (the effectors), pushing the baby further down the birth canal. This causes even greater stretching of the cervix. The cycle of stretching, oxytocin release, and increasingly more forceful contractions stops only when the baby is born. At this point, the stretching of the cervix halts, stopping the release of oxytocin.
is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on
feedback system
each monitored variable such as body temperature, blood, pressure, etc. is termed as
controlled condition (controlled variable)
any disruption that changes a controlled condition is a
stimulus
is a body structure that monitors changes in a contropled conditions and sends input to a control center
receptor
information flows toward the control center
afferent pathway
typically input is in the form of
nerve impulses or chemical signals
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained
control center
output from the control center typically occurs as
nerve impulses or hormones or other chemical signals
information flows away from the control centee
afferent pathway
is a body structure that receives output from the control center
effector
effector produces a _______ or effect that changes the controlled condition
response
