Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab Pt. 2

Question 1

is composed of the skin, or cutaneous membrane, plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands.

Answer 1

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Question 2

the largest and most visible organ of the body

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

Functions of the Skin

Answer 3

Protection - by forming an impenetrable barrier to infectious agents.

Excretion - Through the excretion of sweat, waste products (including lactic acid and urea) are released onto the skin.

Sensations - Numerous sensory receptors in the skin enable sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration.

Thermoregulation - Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin enable it to act in thermoregulation by removing excess heat or preventing heat loss.

Synthesis of vitamin D - the skin is the site of the initial steps in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is important for the absorption of calcium from the diet.

Question 4

The skin is made up of two distinct layers:

Answer 4

• the superficial epidermis
• underlying dermis

Question 5

A third layer of tissue that lies deep to the dermis

Answer 5

hypodermis

Question 6

consists of loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue

Answer 6

hypodermis

Question 7

hypodermis consists of

Answer 7

loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue

Question 8

is avascular and composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium and contains four distinct cell types

Answer 8

Epidermis

Question 9

four distinct cell types of the Epidermis

Answer 9

• keratinocytes
• melanocytes
• dendritic (Langerhans) cells
• Merkel (tactile) cells

Question 10

produce the strong waterproofing protein keratin

Answer 10

keratinocytes

Question 11

produce the protective pigment melanin

Answer 11

melanocytes

Question 12

are specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis, where they function as phagocytes

Answer 12

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Question 13

are located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in light touch reception.

Answer 13

Merkel (tactile) cells

Question 14

thick skin is located where

Answer 14

only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Question 15

thick skin has how many strata/layers?

Answer 15

five

Question 16

layers of thick skin (from top to bottom)

Answer 16

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Question 17

thin skin is located where

Answer 17

everywhere else in the body

Question 18

thin skin contains how many layers?

Answer 18

4

Question 19

what strata is absent in thin skin?

Answer 19

stratum lucidum

Question 20

the deepest layer of the epidermis

Answer 20

Stratum Basale

Question 21

consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) attached to a basement membrane.

Answer 21

Stratum Basale

Question 22

what cells are present in stratum basale?

Answer 22

keratinocytes and melanocytes

Question 23

contains 8–10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in histological preparations.

Answer 23

Stratum Spinosum

Question 24

what cells are prominent in stratum spinosum?

Answer 24

keratinocytes, dendritic cells

Question 25

thin and consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called keratinization)

Answer 25

Stratum granulosum

Question 26

the cells flatten and their organelles, including the nucleus, disintegrate; the cells eventually die.

Answer 26

Keratinization

Question 27

The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they're cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin

Answer 27

Keratinization

Question 28

stratum lucidum is found only in the

Answer 28

thick skin of the palms and soles

Question 29

found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles

Answer 29

stratum lucidum

Question 30

consists of two to four translucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes.

Answer 30

stratum lucidum

Question 31

The most superficial epidermal stratum

Answer 31

Stratum corneum

Question 32

is the thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells

Answer 32

Stratum corneum

Question 33

highly vascular

Answer 33

dermis

Question 34

dermis consists of:

Answer 34

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 35

lies immediately deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose connective tissue

Answer 35

Papillary Layer

Question 36

it contains finger-like projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

Answer 36

Papillary Layer

Question 37

contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

Answer 37

dermal papillae

Question 38

are prominent on the hands and feet and form dermal ridges that indent the epidermis and form fingerprints.

Answer 38

dermal papillae

Question 39

dermal papillae contains

Answer 39

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

Question 40

respond to light touch, or free nerve endings, which function as pain or temperature receptors.

Answer 40

Meissner (tactile) corpuscles

Question 41

the deepest layer of the skin

Answer 41

Reticular Layer

Question 42

consists largely of dense, irregular connective tissue and accounts for approximately 80% of dermal thickness.

Answer 42

Reticular Layer

Question 43

contains an abundance of collagen fibers (for strength), elastic fibers (for flexibility), and reticular fibers (to form a supporting network for dermal structures).

Answer 43

Reticular Layer

Question 44

collagen fibers

Answer 44

for strength

Question 45

elastic fibers

Answer 45

for flexibility

Question 46

reticular fibers

Answer 46

to form a supporting network for dermal structures

Question 47

- their multilayered capsule is specialized to detect pressure and vibrations - are also located in the reticular layer

Answer 47

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Question 48

The accessory structures of the skin include:

Answer 48

- hairs - nails - glands

Question 49

are found all over the body surface—with the exception of the palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia, and nipples.

Answer 49

Hairs

Question 50

Hairs are ound all over the body surface—with the exception of

Answer 50

the palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia, and nipples

Question 51

are produced by structures called hair follicles

Answer 51

hair

Question 52

Hair consists two basic parts:

Answer 52

shaft and root

Question 53

composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and projects from the skin surface

Answer 53

shaft

Question 54

is enclosed by the hair follicle projecting down into the dermis

Answer 54

root

Question 55

Hair can be seen to consist of three distinct layers of keratinized cells:

Answer 55

- inner medulla - middle cortex - outer cuticle

Question 56

Hair color is largely determined by the type and amount of

Answer 56

melanin within the cortex.

Question 57

is formed by layers of epidermal tissue, called the epithelial root sheath, that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue.

Answer 57

Hair follicle

Question 58

bundle of smooth muscle fibers that attaches to the dermal root sheath

Answer 58

Arrector Pili Muscle

Question 59

causes goosebumps

Answer 59

Arrector Pili Muscle

Question 60

knob-like base of the hair root

Answer 60

Hair Bulb

Question 61

hair bulb contains the

Answer 61

matrix/hair matrix

Question 62

the living, mitotically active part of the hair that adds new hair cells to the base of the hair root

Answer 62

matrix/hair matrix

Question 63

are connected to the base of the hair bulb.

Answer 63

Sensory receptors

Question 64

a small projection of dermal tissue from the dermal root sheath that protrudes into the hair bulb

Answer 64

Hair Papilla

Question 65

hair papilla contains _______________that supply the growing hair cells with oxygen and nutrients

Answer 65

capillaries

Question 66

are modifications of the epidermis that protect the dorsal ends of the fingers and toes

Answer 66

Nails

Question 67

These structures are associated with a nail:

Answer 67

- two nail folds - eponychium (or cuticle) - lunula

Question 68

the folds of skin along either side of the nail body

Answer 68

Two nail folds

Question 69

the thick fold at the proximal end of the nail

Answer 69

Eponychium (or cuticle)

Question 70

the white, crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail.

Answer 70

Lunula

Question 71

rests on a region of the epidermis called the nail bed.

Answer 71

nail body

Question 72

where the nail body rests

Answer 72

nail bed

Question 73

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed

Answer 73

Nail matrix

Question 74

is responsible for nail growth

Answer 74

Nail matrix

Question 75

are exocrine glands—glands that release their secretory products onto external or internal body surfaces

Answer 75

Sebaceous Glands

Question 76

Sebaceous Glands secrete an oily, acidic substance called _______________ into hair follicles, although some deposit sebum directly onto the skin surface.

Answer 76

sebum

Question 77

Sebaceous Glands are located

Answer 77

located in skin everywhere except the palms and soles

Question 78

oily, acidic substance

Answer 78

sebum

Question 79

acts as a lubricant that keeps the skin and hair soft and moist and deters the growth of infectious agents.

Answer 79

Sebum

Question 80

consist of a coiled secretory component and a duct composed of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Answer 80

Sweat Glands

Question 81

Two types of glands produce sweat:

Answer 81

eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

Question 82

Eccrine Sweat Glands are distributed

Answer 82

all over the body

Question 83

they secrete sweat that is primarily water but also contains salts and waste products.

Answer 83

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Question 84

primary function of eccrine sweat glands is

Answer 84

temperature regulation

Question 85

confined to the groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple.

Answer 85

apocrine sweat glands

Question 86

apocrine sweat glands are confined to the

Answer 86

groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple

Question 87

They tend to be larger and deeper in the dermis than eccrine sweat glands, and they have ducts that empty into hair follicles

Answer 87

apocrine sweat glands

Question 88

activated at puberty

Answer 88

apocrine sweat glands

Question 89

apocrine sweat glands respond to

Answer 89

pain, emotional stress, and sexual stimulation

Question 90

Apocrine Sweat Glands secretions also contain proteins. These secretions are odorless, but when released onto the skin they are metabolized by bacteria, producing

Answer 90

body odor

Question 91

layers of epidermal tissue that forms the hair follicle

Answer 91

epidermal root sheath