The Cell: Anatomy and Division

Question 1

tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough in ER) in the cytoplasm

Answer 1

ribosomes

Question 2

actual sites of protein synthesis

Answer 2

ribosomes

Question 3

membranous system of tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 3

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

studded with ribosomes; provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas

Answer 4

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 5

has no function in protein synthesis, is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

Answer 5

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles, found close to nucleus

Answer 6

golgi apparatus

Question 7

plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzyme

Answer 7

golgi apparatus

Question 8

various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes including acid hydrolases

Answer 8

lysosomes

Question 9

function to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

Answer 9

lysosomes

Question 10

small lysosomes-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals

Answer 10

peroxisomes

Question 11

these are particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells

Answer 11

peroxisomes

Question 12

rod shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane shaped into folds, or cristae

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuff to produce cellular energy (ATP), powerhouse of the cell

Answer 13

mitochondria

Question 14

paired, cylindrical bodies that lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus

Answer 14

centrioles

Question 15

composed of nine triplets of microtubules

Answer 15

centrioles

Question 16

part of the centrosome, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, form the bases of cilia and flagella

Answer 16

centrioles

Question 17

called basal bodies

Answer 17

centrioles

Question 18

internal scaffolding system

Answer 18

cytoskeleton

Question 19

provides cellular support, function in intracellular transport

Answer 19

cytoskeleton

Question 20

formed largely of actin, a contractile protein important in cell mobility, particularly in muscle cells

Answer 20

microfilament

Question 21

stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells

Answer 21

intermediate filaments

Question 22

form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

Answer 22

microtubules

Question 23

the period where the cell carries out its normal metabolic activities and grows

Answer 23

interphase

Question 24

this phase is NOT a part of mitosis

Answer 24

interphase

Question 25

during this phase, DNA-containing material is in the form of chromatin

Answer 25

interphase

Question 26

during this phase the nuclear envelope and one or more nucleoli are intact and visible

Answer 26

interphase

Question 27

distinct period of interphase where the centrioles begin replicating

Answer 27

G1

Question 28

distinct period of interphase where DNA is replicated

Answer 28

S

Question 29

distinct period of interphase where final preparations for mitosis are completed, and the centrioles finish replicating

Answer 29

G2

Question 30

the first phase of mitosis

Answer 30

prophase

Question 31

in this phase the chromatin condenses, forming barlike chromosomes

Answer 31

early prophase

Question 32

the identical threads of duplicated chromosomes

Answer 32

sister chromatids

Question 33

the region of a chromosome where the microtubules of the spindles intersect

Answer 33

centromere

Question 34

as the chromosomes appear, the nucleoli disappear, and the two centrosomes separate from one another

Answer 34

early prophase

Question 35

a structure that forms during cell division and separates duplicated chromosomes

Answer 35

mitotic spindles

Question 36

only in animal cell division; microtubule array

Answer 36

aster

Question 37

the nuclear envelope breaks up, allowing the spindle to interact with the chromosomes

Answer 37

late prophase

Question 38

special protein structures at each chromosome's centromere

Answer 38

kinetochores

Question 39

kinetochores in microtubule form

Answer 39

kinetochore microtubles

Question 40

the remaining spindle microtubules that are not attached to any chromosomes

Answer 40

nonkinetochore microtubules

Question 41

the kinetochore microtubules pull on each chromosome from both poles in a tug-of-war that ultimately draws the chromosomes to the center of the cell

Answer 41

late prophase

Question 42

second phase of mitosis

Answer 42

metaphase

Question 43

the two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell

Answer 43

metaphase

Question 44

chromosomes cluster at the midline of the cell, with their centromeres precisely aligned at the equator of the spindle

Answer 44

metaphase

Question 45

the midway between the poles during cell division

Answer 45

metaphase plate

Question 46

enzymes act to separate the chromatids from each other

Answer 46

metaphase

Question 47

third phase of mitosis

Answer 47

anaphase

Question 48

begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously

Answer 48

anaphase

Question 49

the kinetochore microtubules, moved along by motor proteins in the kinetochores gradually pull each chromosome toward the pole it faces

Answer 49

anaphase

Question 50

microtubules slide past each other, lengthen, and push the two poles of the cell apart

Answer 50

anaphase

Question 51

the moving chromosomes look V shaped

Answer 51

anaphase

Question 52

the final phase of mitosis

Answer 52

telophase

Question 53

begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops; like prophase in reverse

Answer 53

telophase

Question 54

the identical sets of chromosomes at the opposite poles of the cell uncoil and resume their threadlike chromatin form

Answer 54

telophase

Question 55

a new nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli reappears within the nuclei, and the spindle breaks down and disappears

Answer 55

telophase

Question 56

division of the cytoplasm

Answer 56

cytokinesis

Question 57

contractile ring of actin microfilaments that pinches the cell apart

Answer 57

cleavage furrow

Question 58

this phase begins during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase

Answer 58

cytokinesis