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Anatomy & Physiology I > The Cell: Anatomy and Division > Flashcards

The Cell: Anatomy and Division Flashcards

1
Q

tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough in ER) in the cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

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2
Q

actual sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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3
Q

membranous system of tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

studded with ribosomes; provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

has no function in protein synthesis, is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles, found close to nucleus

A

golgi apparatus

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7
Q

plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzyme

A

golgi apparatus

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8
Q

various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes including acid hydrolases

A

lysosomes

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9
Q

function to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

A

lysosomes

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10
Q

small lysosomes-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and other harmful chemicals

A

peroxisomes

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11
Q

these are particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells

A

peroxisomes

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12
Q

rod shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane shaped into folds, or cristae

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuff to produce cellular energy (ATP), powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

paired, cylindrical bodies that lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus

A

centrioles

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15
Q

composed of nine triplets of microtubules

A

centrioles

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16
Q

part of the centrosome, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

centrioles

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17
Q

called basal bodies

A

centrioles

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18
Q

internal scaffolding system

A

cytoskeleton

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19
Q

provides cellular support, function in intracellular transport

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q

formed largely of actin, a contractile protein important in cell mobility, particularly in muscle cells

A

microfilament

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21
Q

stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells

A

intermediate filaments

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22
Q

form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

A

microtubules

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23
Q

the period where the cell carries out its normal metabolic activities and grows

A

interphase

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24
Q

this phase is NOT a part of mitosis

A

interphase

25
Q

during this phase, DNA-containing material is in the form of chromatin

A

interphase

26
Q

during this phase the nuclear envelope and one or more nucleoli are intact and visible

A

interphase

27
Q

distinct period of interphase where the centrioles begin replicating

A

G1

28
Q

distinct period of interphase where DNA is replicated

A

S

29
Q

distinct period of interphase where final preparations for mitosis are completed, and the centrioles finish replicating

A

G2

30
Q

the first phase of mitosis

A

prophase

31
Q

in this phase the chromatin condenses, forming barlike chromosomes

A

early prophase

32
Q

the identical threads of duplicated chromosomes

A

sister chromatids

33
Q

the region of a chromosome where the microtubules of the spindles intersect

A

centromere

34
Q

as the chromosomes appear, the nucleoli disappear, and the two centrosomes separate from one another

A

early prophase

35
Q

a structure that forms during cell division and separates duplicated chromosomes

A

mitotic spindles

36
Q

only in animal cell division; microtubule array

A

aster

37
Q

the nuclear envelope breaks up, allowing the spindle to interact with the chromosomes

A

late prophase

38
Q

special protein structures at each chromosome’s centromere

A

kinetochores

39
Q

kinetochores in microtubule form

A

kinetochore microtubles

40
Q

the remaining spindle microtubules that are not attached to any chromosomes

A

nonkinetochore microtubules

41
Q

the kinetochore microtubules pull on each chromosome from both poles in a tug-of-war that ultimately draws the chromosomes to the center of the cell

A

late prophase

42
Q

second phase of mitosis

A

metaphase

43
Q

the two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell

A

metaphase

44
Q

chromosomes cluster at the midline of the cell, with their centromeres precisely aligned at the equator of the spindle

A

metaphase

45
Q

the midway between the poles during cell division

A

metaphase plate

46
Q

enzymes act to separate the chromatids from each other

A

metaphase

47
Q

third phase of mitosis

A

anaphase

48
Q

begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously

A

anaphase

49
Q

the kinetochore microtubules, moved along by motor proteins in the kinetochores gradually pull each chromosome toward the pole it faces

A

anaphase

50
Q

microtubules slide past each other, lengthen, and push the two poles of the cell apart

A

anaphase

51
Q

the moving chromosomes look V shaped

A

anaphase

52
Q

the final phase of mitosis

A

telophase

53
Q

begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops; like prophase in reverse

A

telophase

54
Q

the identical sets of chromosomes at the opposite poles of the cell uncoil and resume their threadlike chromatin form

A

telophase

55
Q

a new nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli reappears within the nuclei, and the spindle breaks down and disappears

A

telophase

56
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

57
Q

contractile ring of actin microfilaments that pinches the cell apart

A

cleavage furrow

58
Q

this phase begins during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase

A

cytokinesis

Anatomy & Physiology I (15 decks)

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