Chapter 4: Genetics and Cellular Function

Question 1

How many DNA molecules are in the nucleus?

Answer 1

46

Question 2

Polymers of nucleotides

Answer 2

DNA & RNA

Question 3

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Answer 3

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 4

double ring nitrogenous base

Answer 4

purines

Question 5

single ring nitrogenous base

Answer 5

pyrimidines

Question 6

purine bases

Answer 6

adenine and guanine

Question 7

pyrimidine bases

Answer 7

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 8

Awarded for the first model of the double helix

Answer 8

James Watson & Francis Crick

Question 9

Took x-ray photos that revealed molecular geometry of DNA

Answer 9

Rosiland Franklin

Question 10

forms a double bond

Answer 10

A&T

Question 11

forms a triple bond

Answer 11

C&G

Question 12

fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins

Answer 12

chromatin

Question 13

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one protein

Answer 13

gene

Question 14

2 parallel filaments of identical DNA; each=sister chromatid

Answer 14

chromosome

Question 15

the joining point of a chromosome

Answer 15

centromere

Question 16

protein plaque where mitotic spindle connects during cell division

Answer 16

kinetochore

Question 17

smaller cousin of DNA (fewer bases)

Answer 17

RNA

Question 18

carries the codes for DNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes

Answer 18

mRNA

Question 19

temporary carriers of amino acids that carry them to put together the protein

Answer 19

tRNA

Question 20

carries out the protein synthesis within ribosomes

Answer 20

rRNA

Question 21

the step from DNA to mRNA; occurs in nucleus

Answer 21

transcription

Question 22

step from mRNA to protein; mostly occurs in cytoplasm

Answer 22

translation

Question 23

binds to DNA and assembles the RNA strand

Answer 23

RNA polymerase

Question 24

unfinished and in immature form

Answer 24

pre-mRNA

Question 25

nonsense removed by enzymes during splicing

Answer 25

intron

Question 26

reconnected and exit nucleus as functional mRNA

Answer 26

exons

Question 27

a sequence of 3 nucleotides

Answer 27

codon

Question 28

process of removing the introns

Answer 28

splicing

Question 29

converting language of nucleotides into language of amino acids

Answer 29

translation

Question 30

copying instructions from DNA to RNA

Answer 30

transcription

Question 31

compliments the codon on the mRNA

Answer 31

anticodon

Question 32

has the anticodon on it

Answer 32

tRNA

Question 33

older proteins that pick up new proteins, guide them in folding into proper shapes

Answer 33

chaperone proteins

Question 34

proteins produced in response to stress/heat; help damaged proteins fold back into correct functional shapes

Answer 34

stress or heat-shock proteins

Question 35

enzyme that opens up the chain of DNA for DNA replication

Answer 35

helicase

Question 36

reads the RNA

Answer 36

DNA polymerase

Question 37

joins the DNA back together

Answer 37

ligase

Question 38

1st gap phase

Answer 38

G1

Question 39

growth, normal cell activity, prepares to replicate DNA

Answer 39

G1

Question 40

synthesis phase

Answer 40

S

Question 41

duplicates DNA, centrioles

Answer 41

S

Question 42

2nd gap phase

Answer 42

G2

Question 43

synthesizes enzymes that control cell division, repairs DNA replication errors

Answer 43

G2

Question 44

chromosomes condense

Answer 44

prophase

Question 45

chromosomes align at the midline and center

Answer 45

metaphase

Question 46

mitotic spindles pull sister chromosomes apart

Answer 46

anaphase

Question 47

stop moving and cells begin to split

Answer 47

telophase

Question 48

division of cytoplasm

Answer 48

cytokinesis

Question 49

image that shows a person's complete set of chromosomes

Answer 49

karyotype

Question 50

one copy of each gene (23 unpaired)

Answer 50

haploid

Question 51

two copies of each gene (23 pairs)

Answer 51

diploid

Question 52

genetic code unique sequence of DNA

Answer 52

genotype

Question 53

observable traits of that genetic code

Answer 53

phenotype

Question 54

variation of the same gene

Answer 54

allele

Question 55

having two of the same alleles

Answer 55

homozygous

Question 56

having two different alleles

Answer 56

heterozygous

Question 57

more than 2 allelic forms for traits (ex: ABO blood type)

Answer 57

multiple alleles

Question 58

both alleles equally dominant

Answer 58

codominant

Question 59

phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone

Answer 59

incomplete dominance

Question 60

first 22 pairs of chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes

Answer 60

autosomes

Question 61

traits carried on the X & Y chromosomes

Answer 61

sex-linked traits

Question 62

genes at two or more location or even different chromosomes contribute to single phenotypic trait (ex: skin & eye color)

Answer 62

polygenic inheritance

Question 63

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects (ex: alkaptonuria, sickle cell disease)

Answer 63

pleiotropy

Question 64

when people exhibit the genotype

Answer 64

penetrance

Question 65

dominant gene is not expressed

Answer 65

incomplete penetrance

Question 66

uncontrolled mitosis

Answer 66

cancer

Question 67

slow growth; easy to treat

Answer 67

benign tumor

Question 68

fast growth; may metastasize

Answer 68

malignant tumor

Question 69

blood vessels grow into tumor

Answer 69

tumor angiogenesis

Question 70

accepts new amino acids

Answer 70

A site

Question 71

carries the growing chain of amino acids

Answer 71

P site

Question 72

tRNA exits here

Answer 72

E site