Chapter 7: Tissues of Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
connective tissue with matrix hardened by minerals
A
osseous (bone) tissue
2
Q
forerunner of most bones, present in joints
A
cartilage
3
Q
connect bones at joints
A
ligaments
4
Q
functions of skeletal system
A
- support
- protection
- movement
5
Q
calcium and phosphate ions
A
electrolyte balance
6
Q
buffers blood against pH changes (absorbing and releasing phosphates)
A
acid-base balance
7
Q
red bone marrow=produces blood cells
A
blood formation
8
Q
levers acted upon by muscles
A
long bones
9
Q
femur, ulna, radius
A
long bones
10
Q
bones that glide across one another
A
short bones
11
Q
talus, capitula
A
short bones
12
Q
bones that protect soft organs
A
flat bones
13
Q
sternum, scapula, skull
A
flat bones
14
Q
bones with elaborate shapes
A
irregular bones
15
Q
sphenoid, vertabrae
A
irregular bones
16
Q
ends of the bone
A
epiphysis
17
Q
the middle length of the bone
A
diaphysis
18
Q
denser, stronger bone type that provides structure and protection
A
compact bone
19
Q
found in the ends of long bones or middle of other bones; lighter and less dense
A
spongy bone
20
Q
hollow part on the bone that contains blood marrow
A
marrow cavity
21
Q
connective tissue that covers the end of bones that articulate with other bones
A
articular cartilage
22
Q
connective tissue covering all surfaces of bones except for joints
A
periosteum
22
Q
spongy layer in cranium
A
dipole
23
Q
lines the inner surfaces of bones
A
endosteum
24
cells that can form into osteocytes, osteoblasts, or osteoclasts; ex:stem cells, mesenchyme cells
osteogenic cells
24
bone-forming cells; non-mitotic, synthesize organic matter for mineralization or ossification
osteoblasts
25
former osteoblasts that reside in lacunae
osteocyte
26
bone-dissolving cells on bone surface
osteoclasts
27
1/3 of the dry weight of bone matrix
organic
28
2/3 of the dry weight of bone matrix
inorganic
29
synthesized by osteoblasts; ex: collagen, carbohydrate-protein complexes
organic matter
30
85% hydroxyapatite, 10% CaCO3, other minerals like fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
inorganic matter
31
pushing on bones
compression
32
pulling on bones
tension
33
having soft bones, deficiency of calcium salts; cannot resist compression
rickets
34
brittle bone disease; lack of collagen; cannot resist tension
osteogenic imperfecta
35
basic structural unit of bone
osteon
36
layers of matrix that form cylinders
lamellae
37
canal running down the middle of the osteon
central canal
38
not arranged as osteons, inner and outer boundaries
circumferential lamellae
39
remnants of osteons that have been broken down
interstitial lamellae
40
vascular canals perpendicularly joining central canals
perforating canals
41
thin plates of bone
trabeculae
42
all children have this type bone marrow
red bone marrow
43
produces blood cells; multiple tissue
hemopoietic tissue
44
bone marrow found primarily in adults; no longer produces blood
yellow bone marrow
45
process of bone formation
ossification (osteogeneis)
46
making of bones between connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme)
inter-membranous ossification
47
process of making bones with cartilage (hyaline)
endochondral ossification
48
where the primary ossification and marrow cavity are
shaft of bone
49
where the secondary ossification center and marrow cavities are
ends of bone
50
growth plates that provide for increase in length of bone during childhood and adolesence
epiphyseal plates
51
steps involved in replacing cartilage with bone
metaphysis
52
chondrocytes are not active
zone of reserve cartilage
53
chondrocytes begin to multiply and lengthens diaphysis
zone of cell proliferation
54
chondrocytes stop multiplying, but enlarges by hypertrophy thinning lacunae walls
zone of hypertrophy
55
calcification of cartilage
zone of calcification
56
breakdown of lacuna walls, bone deposition by osteoblasts forming trabeculae
zone of bone deposition
57
bones increase in length
interstitial growth
58
bones increase in width
appositional grown
59
architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses
Wolff's law of bone
60
long bones stop growing in childhood; normal torso, short limbs
achondroplastic dwarfism
61
lack of growth hormone; normal proportions with short stature
pituitary dwarism
62
crystallization process; calcium phosphate taken from blood and deposited in bone tissue
mineral deposition (mineralization)
63
may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, or arteries
abnormal calcification
64
calcified mass in otherwise soft organ
calculus
65
process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood
mineral resorption
66
component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids; in pH buffers
phosphate
67
needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, exocytosis
calcium
68
deficiency of blood calcium
hypocacemia
69
causes excitability of nervous system
hypocalcemia
70
the involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist
Trousseaus' sign
71
rare; excess calcium in blood
hypercalcemia
72
released when calcium is low
calcitriol
73
released when calcium is high
calcitonin
74
form of vitamin D produced by sequential actions of skin, liver, and kidneys
calcitriol
75
increases calcium absorption by small intestine
calcitriol
76
increases calcium resorption from skeleton
calcitriol
77
promotes kidney reabsorption of calcium ions, so less is lost in urine
calcitriol
78
secreted by clear cells of the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high
calcitonin
79
osteoclast inhibition reduces activity
calcitonin
80
osteoblast stimulation; increases activity
calcitonin
81
secreted by parathyroid glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
82
increases osteoclast population
parathyroid hormone
83
promotes calcium reabsorption by kidney
parathyroid hormone
84
promotes calcitriol synthesis in kidneys
parathyroid hormone
85
inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblasts
parathyroid hormone
86
prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles
orthopedics
87
caused by an abnormal trauma
stress fracture
88
break in bone weakened by disease
pathological fracture
89
cracked but stays in place
nondisplaced
90
cracked and bone shifts
displaced
91
bone is broken into 3+ pieces
communicated
92
bone is broken on one side and bent on the other
greenstick
93
the swelling of blood to a certain area
hematoma formation
94
no surgery required, bone manipulated back into place
closed reduction
95
surgical exposure of bone; use of plates, screws, or pins to realign fragments
open reduction
96
most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density
osteoperosis
97
deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss
kyphosis (widow's hump)
98
can be caused by osteoperosis
kyphosis (widow's hump)
