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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

size of typical human cell

A

10-15 micrometers in diameter

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2
Q

size of an egg cell

A

100 micrometers in diameter

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3
Q

length of a muscle cell

A

30 cm

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4
Q

length of a nerve cell

A

1 meter

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5
Q

small cell surface area to volume ratio

A

3:5

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6
Q

large cell surface area to volume ratio

A

3:10

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7
Q

percentage of cell membrane that is made of phospholipids

A

98%

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8
Q

these hold phospholipids still

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

phospholipids with carbohydrate chain; contributes to glycocalyx

A

glycolipids

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10
Q

make up about 50% of membrane weight

A

membrane proteins

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11
Q

proteins that cross completely through the cell’s membrane and transport molecules through is

A

transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

proteins that adhere to the face of the membrane and are usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

protein function to communicate with the cells

A

receptors

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14
Q

protein function to relay signals from the receptor to the target

A

second-messenger system

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15
Q

protein function to aid in final stages of digestion, break down hormones and other signaling molecules

A

enzyme

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16
Q

protein function to have gated channels, leak channels, or voltage-gated channels

A

ion channel

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17
Q

protein function to bind and transfer solutes across the membrane

A

carriers

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18
Q

protein function that contribute to glycocalyx

A

cell-identity markers

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19
Q

protein function to bind cells with other cells or extracellular matrix

A

cell adhesion molecules

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20
Q

has a unique fuzzy coat on the exterior of plasma membrane, cell identification tag

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

glycocalyx cushions cells and protects from physical injury

A

protection

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22
Q

glycocalyx binds cells together

A

cell adhesion

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23
Q

glycocalyx recognizes and attack foreign organisms

A

immunity/defense

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24
Q

glycocalyx determines compatibility for tissue transplant

A

transplant compatibility

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25
glycocalyx directs cells to their destination
embryonic development
26
glycocalyx enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs
fertilization
27
smallest extension that increases the surface area of a cell to increase absorption
microvilli
28
1-2 micrometers
microvilli
29
hairlike processes proceeding from cells
cilia
30
7-10 micrometers
cilia
31
in respiratory tract, uterine tubes, brain's ventricles, efferent ductules of testes
motile cilia
32
beat in waves, sweep substances, power strokes & recovery strokes
motile cilia
33
found in ears to help with balance and retina of the eye
non-motile cilia
34
cilia that does not actively move
non-motile cilia
35
core of cilia; structural basis for ciliary movement
axoneme
36
longest protrusion with a whiplike structure that moves like a corkscrew
flagella
37
extensions that change, vary in shape, and change continually
pseudopods
38
transport that requires no ATP
passive transport
39
three types of passive transport
1. filtration 2. simple diffusion 3. facilitated diffusion
40
transport that consumes ATP
active transport
41
two types of active transport
1. carrier-mediated transport 2. vesicular transport
42
particles driven through selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
filtration
43
net movement of particles from high to low concentration
simple diffusion
44
Simple diffusion: increase temperature
increased diffusion rate
45
Simple diffusion: larger molecules
decreased diffusion rate
46
Simple diffusion: steeper concentration gradient
increased diffusion rate
47
Simple diffusion: larger surface area
increased diffusion rate
48
Simple diffusion: increased membrane permeability
increased diffusion rate
49
smaller and non polar molecules will diffuse through the...
phospholipid bilayer
50
larger and polar molecules will diffuse through...
channel proteins
51
the flow of water through selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
52
can increase the rate of osmosis
aquaporins
53
amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis
osmotic pressure
54
water is pushed against the concentration gradient; excessive pressure is applied
reverse osmosis
55
has a lower concentration of non permeating solutes
hypotonic
56
has a high water concentration
hypotonic
57
cells will absorb water or even lyse
hypotonic
58
has a higher concentration of non permeating solutes
hypertonic
59
has a lower water concentration
hypertonic
60
cells will lose water and shrivel
hypertonic
61
the concentration of the cell = the intercellular fluid
isotonic
62
proteins carry solutes across the cell membrane
carrier-mediated transport
63
to carry 1 solute at a time
uniport
64
to carry 2+ solutes simultaneously in the same direction (contratransport)
symport
65
to carry 2+ solutes simultaneously in opposite directions (countertransport)
antiport
66
solute binds to a receptor site on a carrier protein
specificity
67
two types of carrier mediated transport
1. facilitate diffusion 2. active transport
68
solute through a membrane down the concentration gradient, no ATP consumed
facilitated diffusion
69
carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane up the concentration gradient; uses ATP
active transport
70
transport of large particles of fluid droplets through membrane in vesicles of membrane
vesicular transport
71
vesicular transport out of a cell
exocytosis
72
vesicular transport into a cell
endocytosis
73
engulfing large particles for endocytosis
phagocytosis
74
taking in fluid droplets for endocytosis
pinocytosis
75
taking in specific molecules for endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
76
produces cell movement
microfilaments
77
supports the membrane and microvilli
microfilaments
78
holds organelles
microtubules
79
inside mitotic spindle
microtubules
80
tight junctions
intermediate filaments
81
made of the protein tubulin
microtubules
82
inside cilia
microtubules
83
made of protein actin
microfilaments
84
inside flagellum
microtubules
85
thicker and stiffer than microfilaments
intermediate filaments
86
epidermal cells
intermediate filaments
87
move cargo
microtubules
88
made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
cytoskeleton
89
houses the cell's genetic information and is the control center of the cell
nucleus
90
membrane surrounding the nucleus, nuclear pores
nuclear envelope
91
ribosome synthesis inside the nucleus
nucleolus
92
cisternae covered with ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
93
protein synthesis happens here
rough endoplasmic reticulum
94
steroid (lipid) synthesis, detoxifies alcohol and drugs
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
95
small granules of protein and RNA
ribosomes
96
read coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins
ribosomes
97
system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and modify proteins
golgi apparatus
98
glycoprotein synthesis here
golgi apparatus
99
packages proteins into membrane-bound golgi vesicles
golgi apparatus
100
catabolic enzymes bound in membrane
lysosomes
101
digestion of worn out cells
autophagy
102
"cell suicide" or programmed cell death
autolysis
103
breaking down glycogen
glucose mobilization
104
resembles lysosomes, use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules, neutralize free radicals, break down fatty acids
peroxisomes
105
protein disposal
proteasomes
106
synthesizes ATP
mitochondria
107
inner folds of mitochondria
cristae
108
space between cristae in mitochondria
matrix
109
composed of microtubules, organizes chromosomes during cell division, form basal body of cilium and flagellum
centrioles
110
various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cells
inclusions

Anatomy & Physiology I (15 decks)

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