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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

size of typical human cell

A

10-15 micrometers in diameter

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2
Q

size of an egg cell

A

100 micrometers in diameter

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3
Q

length of a muscle cell

A

30 cm

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4
Q

length of a nerve cell

A

1 meter

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5
Q

small cell surface area to volume ratio

A

3:5

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6
Q

large cell surface area to volume ratio

A

3:10

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7
Q

percentage of cell membrane that is made of phospholipids

A

98%

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8
Q

these hold phospholipids still

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

phospholipids with carbohydrate chain; contributes to glycocalyx

A

glycolipids

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10
Q

make up about 50% of membrane weight

A

membrane proteins

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11
Q

proteins that cross completely through the cell’s membrane and transport molecules through is

A

transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

proteins that adhere to the face of the membrane and are usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

protein function to communicate with the cells

A

receptors

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14
Q

protein function to relay signals from the receptor to the target

A

second-messenger system

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15
Q

protein function to aid in final stages of digestion, break down hormones and other signaling molecules

A

enzyme

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16
Q

protein function to have gated channels, leak channels, or voltage-gated channels

A

ion channel

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17
Q

protein function to bind and transfer solutes across the membrane

A

carriers

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18
Q

protein function that contribute to glycocalyx

A

cell-identity markers

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19
Q

protein function to bind cells with other cells or extracellular matrix

A

cell adhesion molecules

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20
Q

has a unique fuzzy coat on the exterior of plasma membrane, cell identification tag

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

glycocalyx cushions cells and protects from physical injury

A

protection

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22
Q

glycocalyx binds cells together

A

cell adhesion

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23
Q

glycocalyx recognizes and attack foreign organisms

A

immunity/defense

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24
Q

glycocalyx determines compatibility for tissue transplant

A

transplant compatibility

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25
Q

glycocalyx directs cells to their destination

A

embryonic development

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26
Q

glycocalyx enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs

A

fertilization

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27
Q

smallest extension that increases the surface area of a cell to increase absorption

A

microvilli

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28
Q

1-2 micrometers

A

microvilli

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29
Q

hairlike processes proceeding from cells

A

cilia

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30
Q

7-10 micrometers

A

cilia

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31
Q

in respiratory tract, uterine tubes, brain’s ventricles, efferent ductules of testes

A

motile cilia

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32
Q

beat in waves, sweep substances, power strokes & recovery strokes

A

motile cilia

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33
Q

found in ears to help with balance and retina of the eye

A

non-motile cilia

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34
Q

cilia that does not actively move

A

non-motile cilia

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35
Q

core of cilia; structural basis for ciliary movement

A

axoneme

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36
Q

longest protrusion with a whiplike structure that moves like a corkscrew

A

flagella

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37
Q

extensions that change, vary in shape, and change continually

A

pseudopods

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38
Q

transport that requires no ATP

A

passive transport

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39
Q

three types of passive transport

A
  1. filtration
  2. simple diffusion
  3. facilitated diffusion
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40
Q

transport that consumes ATP

A

active transport

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41
Q

two types of active transport

A
  1. carrier-mediated transport
  2. vesicular transport
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42
Q

particles driven through selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

A

filtration

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43
Q

net movement of particles from high to low concentration

A

simple diffusion

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44
Q

Simple diffusion: increase temperature

A

increased diffusion rate

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45
Q

Simple diffusion: larger molecules

A

decreased diffusion rate

46
Q

Simple diffusion: steeper concentration gradient

A

increased diffusion rate

47
Q

Simple diffusion: larger surface area

A

increased diffusion rate

48
Q

Simple diffusion: increased membrane permeability

A

increased diffusion rate

49
Q

smaller and non polar molecules will diffuse through the…

A

phospholipid bilayer

50
Q

larger and polar molecules will diffuse through…

A

channel proteins

51
Q

the flow of water through selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

52
Q

can increase the rate of osmosis

A

aquaporins

53
Q

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

54
Q

water is pushed against the concentration gradient; excessive pressure is applied

A

reverse osmosis

55
Q

has a lower concentration of non permeating solutes

A

hypotonic

56
Q

has a high water concentration

A

hypotonic

57
Q

cells will absorb water or even lyse

A

hypotonic

58
Q

has a higher concentration of non permeating solutes

A

hypertonic

59
Q

has a lower water concentration

A

hypertonic

60
Q

cells will lose water and shrivel

A

hypertonic

61
Q

the concentration of the cell = the intercellular fluid

A

isotonic

62
Q

proteins carry solutes across the cell membrane

A

carrier-mediated transport

63
Q

to carry 1 solute at a time

A

uniport

64
Q

to carry 2+ solutes simultaneously in the same direction (contratransport)

A

symport

65
Q

to carry 2+ solutes simultaneously in opposite directions (countertransport)

A

antiport

66
Q

solute binds to a receptor site on a carrier protein

A

specificity

67
Q

two types of carrier mediated transport

A
  1. facilitate diffusion
  2. active transport
68
Q

solute through a membrane down the concentration gradient, no ATP consumed

A

facilitated diffusion

69
Q

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane up the concentration gradient; uses ATP

A

active transport

70
Q

transport of large particles of fluid droplets through membrane in vesicles of membrane

A

vesicular transport

71
Q

vesicular transport out of a cell

A

exocytosis

72
Q

vesicular transport into a cell

A

endocytosis

73
Q

engulfing large particles for endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

74
Q

taking in fluid droplets for endocytosis

A

pinocytosis

75
Q

taking in specific molecules for endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

76
Q

produces cell movement

A

microfilaments

77
Q

supports the membrane and microvilli

A

microfilaments

78
Q

holds organelles

A

microtubules

79
Q

inside mitotic spindle

A

microtubules

80
Q

tight junctions

A

intermediate filaments

81
Q

made of the protein tubulin

A

microtubules

82
Q

inside cilia

A

microtubules

83
Q

made of protein actin

A

microfilaments

84
Q

inside flagellum

A

microtubules

85
Q

thicker and stiffer than microfilaments

A

intermediate filaments

86
Q

epidermal cells

A

intermediate filaments

87
Q

move cargo

A

microtubules

88
Q

made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

A

cytoskeleton

89
Q

houses the cell’s genetic information and is the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

90
Q

membrane surrounding the nucleus, nuclear pores

A

nuclear envelope

91
Q

ribosome synthesis inside the nucleus

A

nucleolus

92
Q

cisternae covered with ribosomes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

93
Q

protein synthesis happens here

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

94
Q

steroid (lipid) synthesis, detoxifies alcohol and drugs

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

95
Q

small granules of protein and RNA

A

ribosomes

96
Q

read coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins

A

ribosomes

97
Q

system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and modify proteins

A

golgi apparatus

98
Q

glycoprotein synthesis here

A

golgi apparatus

99
Q

packages proteins into membrane-bound golgi vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

100
Q

catabolic enzymes bound in membrane

A

lysosomes

101
Q

digestion of worn out cells

A

autophagy

102
Q

“cell suicide” or programmed cell death

A

autolysis

103
Q

breaking down glycogen

A

glucose mobilization

104
Q

resembles lysosomes, use oxygen to oxidize organic molecules, neutralize free radicals, break down fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

105
Q

protein disposal

A

proteasomes

106
Q

synthesizes ATP

A

mitochondria

107
Q

inner folds of mitochondria

A

cristae

108
Q

space between cristae in mitochondria

A

matrix

109
Q

composed of microtubules, organizes chromosomes during cell division, form basal body of cilium and flagellum

A

centrioles

110
Q

various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cells

A

inclusions

Anatomy & Physiology I (15 decks)

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