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OAP A > THE CELL > Flashcards

THE CELL Flashcards

1
Q

NUCLEUS

A
  • where genetic info stored
  • controls cellular structure + activities
  • double membrane that forms the nuclear envelope
  • holds codes for synthesis of 10,000 different proteins
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2
Q

NUCLEOLUS

A

region where rRNA synthesis takes place

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3
Q

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

A
  • 2 phospholipid bilayers

- nuclear pores to control passage in + out of nucleus

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4
Q

RIBOSOMES

A
  • protein synthesis machinery
  • links amino acids together under instruction of mRNA
  • non-membranous organelles
  • found in ALL cell types
  • protein synthesis requires all RNA types
  • free in cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes
  • consists of 2 subunits (small + large) which join together in cytoplasm to form functional unit
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5
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • extensive series of membrane bound channels (cisterns)
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6
Q

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • lies adjacent to nucleus
  • attachment of ribosomes
  • synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
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7
Q

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • extends from the rough ER
  • synthesis of fatty acids + steroids
  • stores calcium
  • detoxification
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8
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS

A
  • flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
  • packaging + distribution of molecules
  • vesicles transport molecules to destination
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9
Q

VACUOLE

A
  • store nutrients for cell energy
  • store waste products prior to expulsion
  • membrane that surrounds fluid
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10
Q

VESICLES

A
  • fluid enclosed by lipid bilayer membrane
  • can from during exocytosis, phagocytosis + endocytosis
  • for transport of materials within cytoplasm
  • involved in metabolism, transport + enzyme storage
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11
Q

LYSOSOMES

A
  • membrane bounded digestive vesicles
  • arise from Golgi apparatus
  • destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis
  • involved in autophagy
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12
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A
  • found in ALL types of eukaryotic cells
  • cell’s powerhouse
  • bounded by membranes (outer, intermembrane space, inner, matrix)
  • metabolise sugars to make ATP
  • have their own DNA + ribosomes
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13
Q

CYTOSKELETON

A
  • network of protein fibres found in all eukaryotic cells
  • supports shape of cell
  • keeps organelles in fixed locations
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14
Q

CELL FIBRES

A
  • MICROFILAMENTS
  • MICROTUBULES (largest)
  • INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
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15
Q

CENTROSOME

A
  • region surrounding nucleus in most animal cells
  • specialised units are centrioles
  • microtubule organising centre
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16
Q

CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS

A
  • defines cell boundary
  • regulates what moves in + out of the cell
  • supports cell
  • allows cell signalling + cell recognition
17
Q

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

A
  1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
    - arranged in bilayer (~50%)
  2. proteins
    - inserted in bilayer (~50%)
  3. cholesterol
    - makes membrane less permeable to hydrophilic molecules

hydrogen bonding of water holds the 2 layers together, fluid structure

18
Q

DESCRIBE MEMBRANE

A
  • not static
  • active
  • move against each other
  • proteins move in + out constantly
  • phospholipids mostly move laterally
19
Q

WHAT ALLOWS PHOSPHOLIPIDS TO FORM MEMBRANES?

A
  • polar hydrophilic heads
  • non-polar hydrophobic tails

the charges allow phospholipids to form membranes

20
Q

MEMBRANE PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

A
  • transporters
  • enzymes
  • cell surface receptors
  • cell surface identity markers
  • cell-to-cell adhesion proteins
  • attachments to cytoskeleton
21
Q

MEMBRANE PORES

A
  • extensive non-polar regions within transmembrane protein can create a pore in membrane
  • interior is polar to allow water + small polar molecules to pass through
22
Q

3 MAIN PARTS OF A CELL

A
  • plasma membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
23
Q

WHY IS NUCLEUS KNOWN AS CONTROL CENTRE?

A
  • stores all genetic info needed to control protein synthesis
  • proteins essential to structure + function of cells
  • controlling their synthesis means nucleus controls cellular operations
24
Q

WHY ARE PROTEINS SYNTHESISED BY RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO ER DIFFERENT FROM UNATTACHED RIBOSOMES?

A
  • attached synthesise proteins for use in specific organelles, plasma membrane or exportation
  • unattached/ ‘free’ synthesise proteins for use within cytosol
25
Q

WHERE IS TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESISED?

A

steroid synthesised in the smooth ENDOPLASMIC reticulum

26
Q

3 DESTINATIONS OF PROTEIN PACKED BY GOLGI APPARATUS

A
  1. insertion into plasma membrane
  2. insertion into organelle member
  3. removal (by exocytosis) from cell for use elsewhere in body
27
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF CELL HAS MANY MITOCHONDRIA?

A
  • high energy requirement
  • high work load
  • e.g. skeletal muscles or light receptor cells
28
Q

WHY IS IT ESSENTIAL FOR LYSOSOMES TO HAVE MEMBRANES?

A

so powerful they could destroy the cell

29
Q

SECRETORY VESICLES

A

transports protein out of cell via exocytosis

30
Q

MEMBRANE VESICLES

A

carries new molecules to the plasma membrane

31
Q

TRANSPORT VESICLE

A

carries molecules to other intercellular destinations e.g. lysosomes

32
Q

MAIN COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

A
  • phospholipid
  • cholesterol
  • glycolipid
  • protein

OAP A (22 decks)

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