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OAP A > RETINA + NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

RETINA + NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

RETINA

A

light sensitive membrane that processes light before passage to optic nerve

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2
Q

TRANSDUCTION

A

light —> electrical potential

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3
Q

ENCODING

A

electrical potentials —> action potential sequences for retinal output

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4
Q

OPTIC DISC

A
  • no neural retinal or RPE

- blind spot

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5
Q

FOVEA

A
  • depression in the macula of retina

- inner retinal layers pushed aside to let light fall directly on the cones to give sharpest image

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6
Q

PARAFOVEA

A
  • rods + cones

- inner + outer nuclear layers

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7
Q

PERIFOVEA

A
  • circumscribes parafovea + fovea

- thickest part

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8
Q

MACULA

A
  • overlaps fovea, para + peri
  • contains yellow pigment
  • central area of retina
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9
Q

FUNCTIONS OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

A
  1. LIGHT ABSORPTION
  2. EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT
  3. ACTIVE POTASSIUM TRANSPORT
  4. VITAMIN A METABOLISM
  5. PHOTORECEPTOR MEMBRANE RECYCLING
  6. HORMONE PRODUCTION + SECRETION
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10
Q

RODS

A
  • less intense light
  • peripheral vision
  • 110-130 million/ retina
  • long, slim cells
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11
Q

CONES

A
  • colour vision
  • bright light
  • wider cells
  • 5-7 million/ retina
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12
Q

RETINA LAYERS

A

4 cellular layers:

  1. pigment epithelium
  2. rods + cones
  3. outer limiting membrane
    - muller cells
    - horizontal cells
    - bipolar cells
    - amacrine cells
  4. ganglion cells
    - nerve fibre layer
    - inner limiting membrane
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13
Q

MULLER CELLS

A
  • principle glial cell of retina
  • form architectural support structures
  • support neuronal tissue in retina
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14
Q

NEURON FUNCTION

A
  • to receive, process + transmit electrochemical messages

- uses electricity + chemical interaction to communicate between themselves + targets (e.g. muscles, glands etc)

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15
Q

NEUROGLIA

A
  • to help neurons
  • they make up half the cell volume in the CNS
  • don’t generate or conduct nerve impulses
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16
Q

NEURON STRUCTURE

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites (branching outputs)
  • axon (long cylindrical output)
17
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
  • interneurons
18
Q

MULTIPOLAR

A

several dendrites + one axon

19
Q

BIPOLAR

A

one main dendrite + one axon

e.g. in retina, inner ear, olfactory system

20
Q

UNIPOLAR

A

one process that branches out; one end is dendrite + other end is axon terminal
- usually found in somatosensory pathway (touch)

21
Q

INTERNEURONS

A
  • 90% of neuronal population in body
  • most are multipolar
  • e.g. Purkinje, Renshaw, pyramidal
  • process incoming sensory info from sensory NEURONS + then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor NEURONS
22
Q

WHAT CLASSIFIES THE VARIOUS NEURONS IN THE BODY?

A

structural (number of processes - axons or dendrites) + functional (electrophysiological properties) features

23
Q

WHERE DO SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS CONVEY ATP?

A

INTO the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves

24
Q

WHERE DO MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS CONVEY ATPS?

A

AWAY from CNS to effectors (muscles + glands) in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves - most are multipolar

25
Q

WHAT ARE FOUND MAINLY IN THE CNS BETWEEN SENSORY + MOTOR NEURONS?

A

interneurons or association NEURONS

26
Q

ASTROCYTES

A

maintain the right chemical environment for NEURON function

27
Q

MICROGLIA

A

clean up + defend nervous system from disease

28
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS

A

make cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

SATELLITE CELLS

A

support NEURONS in the PNS ganglia

30
Q

SCHWANN CELLS

A

make myelin sheath that provides an insulating cover for axons in the PNS
(the neurolemma in the myelin aids nerve regeneration by forming a regeneration tube)

31
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

make myelin sheath in the CNS - no neurolemma so no regeneration occurs in CNS

32
Q

GREY MATTER

A

myelin covered axons

  • outside in brain
  • inside in spinal cord
33
Q

MYELINATION

A

process of forming myelin sheath which insulates + increases nerve impulse speed

34
Q

WHITE MATTER

A
  • formed from aggregations of myelinated axons from many neurons
  • lipid part of myelin makes appearance white
35
Q

GREY MATTER

A
  • formed from neuronal cell bodies + dendrites

- lacks myelin = grey appearance

36
Q

NODES OF RANVIER

A

gaps in myelin sheath - speeds propagation

37
Q

WHERE DOES NERVE TISSUE REGENERATION OCCUR?

A

only in PNS

CNS astrocytes form scar tissue

OAP A (22 decks)

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