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Human Biology IA > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Totipotent

A

ability to differentiate into any cell in the body, eg. zygote

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2
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double membrane, pores, continuous with RER

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

spherical, dark body

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

compacted DNA wrapped around proteins, packs into chromosomes

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5
Q

Euchromatin

A

lightly stained, ACTIVE

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6
Q

Heterochromatin

A

intensely stained, INACTIVE

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7
Q

Process of transcription

A

DNA uncoils, sequence exposed, mRNA assembled by enzymes, sequence complementary to DNA, mRNA strand moves into cytoplasm through nuclear pore

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8
Q

Process of translation

A

mRNA binds to ribosomal unit and is decoded, tRNA aligns amino acids to make polypeptide chain

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9
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid, 75-90% water, 10-25% ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, waste products

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

2 subunits (small and large), site of protein synthesis, high RNA content, free and attached to ER

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11
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis lipids (fatty acids and steroids)

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12
Q

Golgi body (structure)

A

3-20 cisternae (small, flattened membranous sacs), entry (cis cisternae), exit (trans cisternae)

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13
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane bound, carriers

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane, site of most ATP production, contains own DNA, can self-replicate

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

contains enzymes that work best at pH<5

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16
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area, eg. digestive tract

17
Q

Cilia

A

move fluid-like along cell surface, eg. respiratory tract

18
Q

Flagella

A

move entire cell, eg. sperm

19
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

attach plasma membrane to other structures

20
Q

Recognition proteins

A

detected by cells of the immune system

21
Q

Receptor proteins

A

bind to specific extracellular molecules called ligands (eg. ion or hormone)

22
Q

Carrier protein

A

binds solutes and transports across plasma membrane

23
Q

Protein channels

A

integral proteins containing a central pore forming a passageway across membrane

24
Q

Diffusion (what substances)

A

fat soluble

25
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

via protein carrier (eg. pump or channel)

26
Q

Osmosis

A

water

27
Q

Three stages of cellular communication

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction (relay molecules in signal pathway)
  3. response (activation of cellular response)
28
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

29
Q

Interphase (including G0, G1, S, G2)

A

preparation for division
G0 (G naught) - normal cell function
G1 - cell function, generation of organelles
S phase - duplication of chromosomes, DNA replication, synthesis of histones and nuclear proteins
G2 - protein synthesis, centriole replication

30
Q

Prophase

A

early - DNA uncoils/chromatin condenses
- nuclear membrane disappears
late - centrosomes migrate to poles

31
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align along metaphase plate, attached to microtubules held by centrioles

32
Q

Anaphase

A

microtubules pull chromatids away from centre

33
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms, DNA uncoils

34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division of daughter cells

35
Q

Cyclins

A

family of proteins involved in regulation of cell cycle

36
Q

Apoptosis (what and why)

A

programmed cell death, intracellular processes (internal DNA damage, death receptor), cleared by macrophages, phagocytosis

37
Q

Necrosis (what)

A

unplanned cell death, external stressors, blebbing (cell membrane fragments, swelling, nuclear fragmentation, cell rupture)

38
Q

4 types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulative - protein denatured but shape maintained
  2. liquefactive - rapid lysis of cells by lysosomal degradation enzymes
  3. caseous - coagulative + liquefactive
  4. gangrenous - caused by ischemia (no blood supply) to large amount of tissue

Human Biology IA (22 decks)

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